Test 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy
The structure of body parts, and geographical relationships among body parts 
define gross anatomy
Observable with the naked eye
cytology
The study of cells
define histology
The study of tissue structure
systemic anatomy
The study of structures that make up a separate body 
example of systemic anatomy
Cardiovascular system
Define regional anatomy
A branch of anatomy, dealing with regions of the body, especially with reference to diagnosis and treatment of disease or injury 
Examples of regional anatomy
thoracic cavity, abdomen, head, neck 
embryology
Pre-birth
developmental anatomy definition
Changes through life
Define physiology
How things work in the body
define Renal physiology
The study of the physiology of the kidney
Why do kidneys and lungs have very thin muscles?
To filter things quickly
why do intestines have very thick tissue?
to prevent bacteria from coming in or leaving
Define muscle physiology
function of muscle tissue
define metabolism
Making anabolism and breaking down catabolism substances for use in the body; driving force of the body.
define anabolism
The body utilizes, the energy released by catabolism to synthesize complex molecules
Define catabolism
relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down 
what is the function of the diaphragm?
A sheet of muscle, that flexes and pulls air into the lungs; the main breathing apparatus in the body 
what does the abdominal cavity contain?
Digestive organs
what does the pelvic cavity contain?
Reproductive organs
What membrane surrounds your organs?
serosa; serous membrane; serous fluid
what is parietal serosa?
lining of the body cavities 
What does visceral serosa
The lining of the outer part of the organs within the body cavity 
what is parietal pericardia?
on the sides around the organ, on the body wall 
what is visceral pericardia?
attached to the organs: like skin 
What is serosa and what is its function?
like a lubricant; protecting organs from friction 
define homeostasis
A state of sameness
what is the function of the endocrine system?
To make hormones 
define negative feedback loop
Process of moving out of equilibrium, and the body makes steps to bring it back in.
example of negative feedback loop
hot= sweat
cold= shiver
Define positive feedback, loop
when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction; look at a system in homeostasis, a positive feedback loop moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium. 
example of positive feedback, loop
when you cut a blood vessel, your body will create blood clots
Define vasodilation
Veins getting bigger
Example of vasodilation
when you get hot, your skin turns pink
When you get hurt, you will be more if you get cut.
Define vasoconstriction
vein get smaller blood vessels, constrict
Example of chemical energy
The sugar in your blood
define electrical energy
The movement of charged particles
define mechanical energy
Involved in moving matter
How does radiant, energy travel?
Travels in waves
Define kinetic energy
movement of particles or objects; active energy
define potential energy
Stored energy has the potential to do work
What are the six main elements in the human body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus 
Where are protons and neutrons located?
Central core of an atom
How heavy are protons and neutrons?
One atomic mass unit each
How heavy are electrons?
they are weightless 
Where are electrons located?
outside of Atom
define an atom
The smallest indivisible unit of matter; loses its unique characteristics when broken down.
What does the nucleus of an atom contain?
Protons and neutrons
What do you call a positively charged ion?
cation
What do you call a negatively charged ion?
anion
define chemical bonds
Energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms 
where do chemical bonds occur?
Between electrons in the outer most energy shell; valence shells
What is the significance of a full valence shell?
Nonreactive
Define ionic bonds
transfer of electrons from one atom to another 
Define covalent bonds
electrons are shared; sharing one electron yields a single covalent bond. 
What is the significance of an electronegative atom?
Strongly attracts electrons
Define nonpolar covalent bonds
Sharing is equal
Define polar covalent bond
Sharing is not equal; various charges are on its surface, and it is a very strong charge
define hydrogen bonds
Weak attraction between the poles of water molecules. Play an enormous role in the stabilization of biological molecules think DNA and proteins.
define bio chemistry
Studying the chemical composition of, and reactions associated with living matter
define inorganic
Typically those molecules that do not contain carbon
example of inorganic
Water, salt, acids
define organic
Does molecules that contain carbon and our covalently bonded
Examples of organic
proteins, carbs, lipids 
define hydrolysis
To destroy something with water
define dehydration, synthesis reaction
To make something by taking water away
are acids proton donors or acceptors?
Donors
are bases proton donors or acceptors?
acceptors
define ExerGonic
Release of energy
define Endergonic
Absorption of energy
Define monomer
One
What is a polymer?
A bunch of monomers
what are carbohydrates?
Sugars
Define polysaccharide
Long strings of monosaccharides
What is the only polysaccharide in human tissues?
Glycogen
What is glycogen?
causes you to release sugars; released between meals when you fast.
what are lipids?
Fats
What are triglycerides
fats or oils
Are saturated fats, liquid or solid
Solid
are unsaturated fats, liquid or solid
Liquid
Define omega-3 fatty acids
Block the enzymes that make triglycerides.
Define trans fats
artificially manufactured; resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, and remain in circulation longer, and deposits in the arteries. Raises the risk of heart disease; partially hydrogenated.
define phospholipids
Have nonpolar tails, and the head displays a charge
Where are phospholipids found?
Cell membranes
what is cholesterol?
The precursor to all steroid hormones. Keeps membrane fluid.
what is vitamin D?
Made from cholesterol, allows you to absorb calcium from your gut
what is an enzyme?
Assist your body and conduct in chemical reactions
What is RNA?
Ribo nucleic acid; translates DNA in preparation for protein synthesis
Where is RNA found
outside of the nucleus 
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid; exclusively found in the nucleus of cells. DNA acts like a cookbook.
define ATP
Energetic molecule
Define cytoskeleton
Netwerk of rods located in the cytosol. I support system for cellular structures; provide means for cell movement.
What is a microfilament?
Thinnest cytoskeletal elements
What is an ion channel?
Always open in allows ions to pass in and out of a cell
define Glycocalyx
Like a barcode; sugarcoating of a cell; enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins; diverse patterns of sugar, distribution facilitate cell recognition 
define microtubules
Hold open; rigid, internal structural devices; radiate from the central zone; determine cell shape; serves as a docking station for organelle; motor proteins, move, organelles; the subway for your cells 
Define micro villi
finger like projections that don’t move; they dramatically increase the surface area of the cell in which they are located 
Define tight junctions
Junctions between cells that are tight; causing impermeable passage, usually found in your gut
define desosomes
Link, hole, tissues together; provide cellular support and resistance, tension; skin and heart
Define gap junctions
Junction between two cells that have a gap; chemically links to cells together, specialized for communication between cells; facilitate rapid and coordinated excitability
Where is cilia found
Inner ear, retina, nasal cavity and kidney
Define motel cilia
Able to move hair like
where is motile cilia found?
Respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of the brain, efferent ductules of testes 
What are the two main ways items cross biological membranes?
passive mechanism and active mechanism
Define passive mechanism
Simple, diffusion; osmosis; no energy required
define active mechanisms
Require ATP, active transport; needs energy
define diffusion
The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentrations; the movement towards equilibrium
Define osmosis
Water moving through membranes from high concentration to low concentration. Think about your kidneys.
define primary active transport
Actively pumping something into concentration
define sodium potassium pumps
Drive sodium out and potassium into the cell
define vesicular transport
Process that moves large particles
define endocytosis
Brings material into a cell
define phagocytosis
Cell eating; engulfing large particles
define pinocytosis
Cell drinking; taking and droplets of ECF containing molecules, useful in the cell
define exocytosis
Discharges materials from the cell
Define cytoplasm
Cellular material between the plasma, membrane and nucleus
what does mitochondria do?
Conduct aerobic, cellular respiration
define nuclear envelope
I highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
define nuclear pores
A minute opening or passageway through the nuclear envelope
What does the nucleolus make?
Ribosomes
define chromosomes
A condensed form of chromatin formed in preparation for cell division
Define endoplasmic reticulum
A network of interconnected tubes
define transcription
Taking DNA and making a piece of RNA from it 
Define translation
Taking RNA and making it into proteins
Define mRNA
carries a copy of a gene 
define tRNA
Transverse things to make a protein
define epithelial tissue
The critical boundaries of the body. avascular
What is extra cellular matrix?
ground substance plus fibers 
define ground substance
Nonliving filler like a gel; in bones, the ground substance is calcium, and blood. The ground substance is blood plasma. 
what is the difference between leukocyte and erythrocytes 
leukocyte is white and the other is red
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
supports and binds. hold bodily fluids
what is the function of areolar connective tissue?
They form an osmotic balance with your blood
What is the function of adipocytes?
Maintaining heat, cushions, organs, commas, and provides reserve food fuel
Where is reticular connective tissue found
Spleen and lymph nodes
Define lacuna
House chondrocytes live in
define muscle tissue
Composed of many cells, and is very well vascularized; responsible for movement 
define intercalated discs
gapped junctions of proteins
peristalsis definition
Refers to a set of rhythmic contraction seen and smooth muscle
Define glands
Produce some sort of secretion
Define endocrine glands
Ductless glands
Define exocrine glands
Duct of glands; release onto the surface; sweat glands
define goblet cells
Unicellular, exocrine gland. They produce mucus that line your tracks. Found in your respiratory passages.
Define merocrine
Release the product that they are making through exocytosis
define holocrine
they keep producing a product until it, the hole swells up and ruptures; oil, glands; gout in your eyes; like a pimple 
Function of tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Function of ligaments
Connects bone to bone
define glandular epithelium
A type of tissue, that lines, certain internal organs, and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive, juices, and other fluids.
