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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The structure of body parts, and geographical relationships among body parts 

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2
Q

define gross anatomy

A

Observable with the naked eye

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3
Q

cytology

A

The study of cells

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4
Q

define histology

A

The study of tissue structure

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5
Q

systemic anatomy

A

The study of structures that make up a separate body 

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6
Q

example of systemic anatomy

A

Cardiovascular system

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7
Q

Define regional anatomy

A

A branch of anatomy, dealing with regions of the body, especially with reference to diagnosis and treatment of disease or injury 

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8
Q

Examples of regional anatomy

A

thoracic cavity, abdomen, head, neck 

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9
Q

embryology

A

Pre-birth

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10
Q

developmental anatomy definition

A

Changes through life

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11
Q

Define physiology

A

How things work in the body

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12
Q

define Renal physiology

A

The study of the physiology of the kidney

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13
Q

Why do kidneys and lungs have very thin muscles?

A

To filter things quickly

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14
Q

why do intestines have very thick tissue?

A

to prevent bacteria from coming in or leaving

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15
Q

Define muscle physiology

A

function of muscle tissue

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16
Q

define metabolism

A

Making anabolism and breaking down catabolism substances for use in the body; driving force of the body.

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17
Q

define anabolism

A

The body utilizes, the energy released by catabolism to synthesize complex molecules

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18
Q

Define catabolism

A

relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down 

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19
Q

what is the function of the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle, that flexes and pulls air into the lungs; the main breathing apparatus in the body 

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20
Q

what does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Digestive organs

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21
Q

what does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Reproductive organs

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22
Q

What membrane surrounds your organs?

A

serosa; serous membrane; serous fluid

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23
Q

what is parietal serosa?

A

lining of the body cavities 

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24
Q

What does visceral serosa

A

The lining of the outer part of the organs within the body cavity 

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25
Q

what is parietal pericardia?

A

on the sides around the organ, on the body wall 

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26
Q

what is visceral pericardia?

A

attached to the organs: like skin 

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27
Q

What is serosa and what is its function?

A

like a lubricant; protecting organs from friction 

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28
Q

define homeostasis

A

A state of sameness

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29
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

To make hormones 

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30
Q

define negative feedback loop

A

Process of moving out of equilibrium, and the body makes steps to bring it back in.

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31
Q

example of negative feedback loop

A

hot= sweat
cold= shiver

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32
Q

Define positive feedback, loop

A

when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction; look at a system in homeostasis, a positive feedback loop moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium. 

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33
Q

example of positive feedback, loop

A

when you cut a blood vessel, your body will create blood clots

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34
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Veins getting bigger

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35
Q

Example of vasodilation

A

when you get hot, your skin turns pink
When you get hurt, you will be more if you get cut.

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36
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

vein get smaller blood vessels, constrict

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37
Q

Example of chemical energy

A

The sugar in your blood

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38
Q

define electrical energy

A

The movement of charged particles

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39
Q

define mechanical energy

A

Involved in moving matter

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40
Q

How does radiant, energy travel?

A

Travels in waves

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41
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

movement of particles or objects; active energy

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42
Q

define potential energy

A

Stored energy has the potential to do work

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43
Q

What are the six main elements in the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus 

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44
Q

Where are protons and neutrons located?

A

Central core of an atom

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45
Q

How heavy are protons and neutrons?

A

One atomic mass unit each

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46
Q

How heavy are electrons?

A

they are weightless 

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47
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

outside of Atom

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48
Q

define an atom

A

The smallest indivisible unit of matter; loses its unique characteristics when broken down.

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49
Q

What does the nucleus of an atom contain?

A

Protons and neutrons

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50
Q

What do you call a positively charged ion?

A

cation

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51
Q

What do you call a negatively charged ion?

A

anion

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52
Q

define chemical bonds

A

Energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms 

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53
Q

where do chemical bonds occur?

A

Between electrons in the outer most energy shell; valence shells

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54
Q

What is the significance of a full valence shell?

A

Nonreactive

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55
Q

Define ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another 

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56
Q

Define covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared; sharing one electron yields a single covalent bond. 

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57
Q

What is the significance of an electronegative atom?

A

Strongly attracts electrons

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58
Q

Define nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Sharing is equal

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59
Q

Define polar covalent bond

A

Sharing is not equal; various charges are on its surface, and it is a very strong charge

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60
Q

define hydrogen bonds

A

Weak attraction between the poles of water molecules. Play an enormous role in the stabilization of biological molecules think DNA and proteins.

61
Q

define bio chemistry

A

Studying the chemical composition of, and reactions associated with living matter

62
Q

define inorganic

A

Typically those molecules that do not contain carbon

63
Q

example of inorganic

A

Water, salt, acids

64
Q

define organic

A

Does molecules that contain carbon and our covalently bonded

65
Q

Examples of organic

A

proteins, carbs, lipids 

66
Q

define hydrolysis

A

To destroy something with water

67
Q

define dehydration, synthesis reaction

A

To make something by taking water away

68
Q

are acids proton donors or acceptors?

A

Donors

69
Q

are bases proton donors or acceptors?

A

acceptors

70
Q

define ExerGonic

A

Release of energy

71
Q

define Endergonic

A

Absorption of energy

72
Q

Define monomer

A

One

73
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A bunch of monomers

74
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars

75
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

Long strings of monosaccharides

76
Q

What is the only polysaccharide in human tissues?

A

Glycogen

77
Q

What is glycogen?

A

causes you to release sugars; released between meals when you fast.

78
Q

what are lipids?

A

Fats

79
Q

What are triglycerides

A

fats or oils

80
Q

Are saturated fats, liquid or solid

A

Solid

81
Q

are unsaturated fats, liquid or solid

A

Liquid

82
Q

Define omega-3 fatty acids

A

Block the enzymes that make triglycerides.

83
Q

Define trans fats

A

artificially manufactured; resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, and remain in circulation longer, and deposits in the arteries. Raises the risk of heart disease; partially hydrogenated.

84
Q

define phospholipids

A

Have nonpolar tails, and the head displays a charge

85
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

Cell membranes

86
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

The precursor to all steroid hormones. Keeps membrane fluid.

87
Q

what is vitamin D?

A

Made from cholesterol, allows you to absorb calcium from your gut

88
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

Assist your body and conduct in chemical reactions

89
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribo nucleic acid; translates DNA in preparation for protein synthesis

90
Q

Where is RNA found

A

outside of the nucleus 

91
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; exclusively found in the nucleus of cells. DNA acts like a cookbook.

92
Q

define ATP

A

Energetic molecule

93
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

Netwerk of rods located in the cytosol. I support system for cellular structures; provide means for cell movement.

94
Q

What is a microfilament?

A

Thinnest cytoskeletal elements

95
Q

What is an ion channel?

A

Always open in allows ions to pass in and out of a cell

96
Q

define Glycocalyx

A

Like a barcode; sugarcoating of a cell; enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins; diverse patterns of sugar, distribution facilitate cell recognition 

97
Q

define microtubules

A

Hold open; rigid, internal structural devices; radiate from the central zone; determine cell shape; serves as a docking station for organelle; motor proteins, move, organelles; the subway for your cells 

98
Q

Define micro villi

A

finger like projections that don’t move; they dramatically increase the surface area of the cell in which they are located 

99
Q

Define tight junctions

A

Junctions between cells that are tight; causing impermeable passage, usually found in your gut

100
Q

define desosomes

A

Link, hole, tissues together; provide cellular support and resistance, tension; skin and heart

101
Q

Define gap junctions

A

Junction between two cells that have a gap; chemically links to cells together, specialized for communication between cells; facilitate rapid and coordinated excitability

102
Q

Where is cilia found

A

Inner ear, retina, nasal cavity and kidney

103
Q

Define motel cilia

A

Able to move hair like

104
Q

where is motile cilia found?

A

Respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of the brain, efferent ductules of testes 

105
Q

What are the two main ways items cross biological membranes?

A

passive mechanism and active mechanism

106
Q

Define passive mechanism

A

Simple, diffusion; osmosis; no energy required

107
Q

define active mechanisms

A

Require ATP, active transport; needs energy

108
Q

define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentrations; the movement towards equilibrium

109
Q

Define osmosis

A

Water moving through membranes from high concentration to low concentration. Think about your kidneys.

110
Q

define primary active transport

A

Actively pumping something into concentration

111
Q

define sodium potassium pumps

A

Drive sodium out and potassium into the cell

112
Q

define vesicular transport

A

Process that moves large particles

113
Q

define endocytosis

A

Brings material into a cell

114
Q

define phagocytosis

A

Cell eating; engulfing large particles

115
Q

define pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking; taking and droplets of ECF containing molecules, useful in the cell

116
Q

define exocytosis

A

Discharges materials from the cell

117
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Cellular material between the plasma, membrane and nucleus

118
Q

what does mitochondria do?

A

Conduct aerobic, cellular respiration

119
Q

define nuclear envelope

A

I highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

120
Q

define nuclear pores

A

A minute opening or passageway through the nuclear envelope

121
Q

What does the nucleolus make?

A

Ribosomes

122
Q

define chromosomes

A

A condensed form of chromatin formed in preparation for cell division

123
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of interconnected tubes

124
Q

define transcription

A

Taking DNA and making a piece of RNA from it 

125
Q

Define translation

A

Taking RNA and making it into proteins

126
Q

Define mRNA

A

carries a copy of a gene 

127
Q

define tRNA

A

Transverse things to make a protein

128
Q

define epithelial tissue

A

The critical boundaries of the body. avascular

129
Q

What is extra cellular matrix?

A

ground substance plus fibers 

130
Q

define ground substance

A

Nonliving filler like a gel; in bones, the ground substance is calcium, and blood. The ground substance is blood plasma. 

131
Q

what is the difference between leukocyte and erythrocytes 

A

leukocyte is white and the other is red

132
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

supports and binds. hold bodily fluids

133
Q

what is the function of areolar connective tissue?

A

They form an osmotic balance with your blood

134
Q

What is the function of adipocytes?

A

Maintaining heat, cushions, organs, commas, and provides reserve food fuel

135
Q

Where is reticular connective tissue found

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

136
Q

Define lacuna

A

House chondrocytes live in

137
Q

define muscle tissue

A

Composed of many cells, and is very well vascularized; responsible for movement 

138
Q

define intercalated discs

A

gapped junctions of proteins

139
Q

peristalsis definition

A

Refers to a set of rhythmic contraction seen and smooth muscle

140
Q

Define glands

A

Produce some sort of secretion

141
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands

142
Q

Define exocrine glands

A

Duct of glands; release onto the surface; sweat glands

143
Q

define goblet cells

A

Unicellular, exocrine gland. They produce mucus that line your tracks. Found in your respiratory passages.

144
Q

Define merocrine

A

Release the product that they are making through exocytosis

145
Q

define holocrine

A

they keep producing a product until it, the hole swells up and ruptures; oil, glands; gout in your eyes; like a pimple 

146
Q

Function of tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

147
Q

Function of ligaments

A

Connects bone to bone

148
Q

define glandular epithelium

A

A type of tissue, that lines, certain internal organs, and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive, juices, and other fluids.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (1 decks)

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