Test 1 Flashcards
Definition:
within genetic makeup
Inherited
Definition:
condition existing at birth and often before birth, or that develops during the first month of life (neonatal disease), regardless of causation eg. fetal alcohol syndrome
Congenital
Definition:
wear and tear eg. arthritis, osteoarthritis
Degenerative
Definition:
abnormal chemical reactions eg. diabetes
Metabolic
Definition:
caused from malnutrition anorexia
Nutritional deficiency
Definition:
mental health disorder
Psychogenic
Definition:
caused by an infectious agent eg. MRSA
Infectious
Definition:
caused with malfunction of immunity
Immunologic
Definition:
exposure to physical agents cause injury, eg. burn from fire
Physical agent
Definition:
neo means new, plastic means growth = cancer
Neoplastic
Definition:
caused by medical treatment, eg. side effects of medication
Iatrogenic
Definition:
unknown cause, eg. some forms of epilepsy
Idiopathic
quick onset, quick completion (either cure or death)
Acute
longterm, unknown cure
Chronic
Definition:
interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms
Latent period
Definition:
the interval between the receipt of infection and the onset of the consequent illness or the first symptoms of the illness;
Incubation period (may be called latent period)
Definition:
the time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest
Prodromal period (prodrome)
Definition:
when the disease is at it’s highest
Stage of manifest illness
Definition:
- Gradual return to health and strength after illness;
- The period needed for returning to health after illness
Convalescence
Definition:
A pathological condition resulting from a disease. eg. scar
Sequela
Definition:
A secondary disease, an accident, or a negative reaction occurring during the course of an illness and usually aggravating the illness.
Complication
Definition:
Not manifesting characteristic clinical symptoms
Subclinical
Definition:
To increase the severity, violence, or bitterness of; aggravate
Exacerbation
Definition:
1. Abatement or subsiding of the symptoms of a disease; 2. The period during which the symptoms of a disease abate or subside
Remission
Definition:
having severe symptoms and a short course
acute phase
Definition:
a disease that is native to a local region
endemic disease
Definition:
disease is disseminated to many individuals at the same time
epidemic:
Definition:
epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide
pandemic
- cell caps that shorten when chromosome divides
* every time telomere shortens results in less capacity for cell to regain normal function
Telomeres
- in order to survive, a cell must adapt
- adaptation is chronic
- cells that have adapted maintain normal function
Cell Adaptation
- cells become smaller
* Eg. Cells in the muscles shrink from disuse
Cell atrophy
- cells enlarge
- Eg. Muscle cells hypertrophy from exercise
- Eg. Hypertension causing enlarged heart
Hyperplasia
- Varying sized cells in an orderly growth pattern
- One type of cell is being replaced by another less functional cell
- Capable of regeneration into normal cells
- Eg. Healthy lung cells will be replaced by less functional cells in smoker’s lungs
Metaplasia:
- Nuclei are varying shapes and size
- Cells do not follow normal pattern of growth
- Considered pre-cancerous
Dysplasia
- cells have capacity to be injured
- when assault on cell is too severe, cell becomes injured
- injured cells cannot maintain normal function
- mild injury with a healthy cell - may recover
- severe injury with an unhealthy cell - may die
Cell Injury
after mild cell injury, cell may go back to normal function
reversibility
if cell injury is more severe, cell may die and will not return to normal function; cannot maintain homeostasis
irreversibility
•when cell is injured, sodium pump fails and causes sodium to come inside the cell causing cell to swell (Normally, ATP keeps sodium outside of cell & potassium inside the cell)
- water accumulation within cell causes damage to mitochondria
- all diseased cells begin with injury
- after injury cells go through swelling
Hydropic Swelling
- ATP pump malfunction may cause faulty lysosomes resulting in foreign substance build up in cell
- faulty metabolism with mitochondria damage causes substances to accumulate within the cell
- Eg. Fatty liver is caused by chronic alcoholism causing lysosome failure to digest fat
Intracellular Accumulation
- Cells are physically destroyed
- Extremes of temperature
- Electrical injuries
- Bumps, bruises, scrapes, abrasions, contusions
Physical and mechanical injury
- Chemicals can destroy a cell or alter the metabolism of cell
- eg. lead poisoning in children can lead to neurological damage
Chemical injury
•most common form of cell injury
•lack of blood and oxygen
•cells that are ischemic are vulnerable, so if oxygen is not restored soon cells will die
•once oxygen restoration is accomplished, reprofusion injury may occur
◦overflow of calcium disrupts mitochondria, free radical formation and inflamation
◦free radicals are unstable oxygen molecules
Ischemic Injury
Cell Death
irreversible natural cell death; necessary to make room for new cells
Apoptosis
Cell Death
irreversible premature cell death due to accidental injury
Necrosis
Which type of necrosis?
- Tissue made by denatured protein
- Gone through ischemia
Coagulative Necrosis
Which type of necrosis?
- Occurs in areas where there is very little connective tissue, caused by ischemia, bacteria, toxins
- Eg. Brain, absesses, cysts
Liquefactive Necrosis
Which type of necrosis?
•Injured tissue secretes lipase which breaks down normal tissue
Fat Necrosis
Which type of necrosis?
- Combination of liquifactive and coagualitive
- Cheese-like
- Typically found in lung tissue
- Eg. TB
Caseous
Which type of necrosis?
•Clinical term for necrosis
◦dry: form of coagulative necrosis, usually on an area with a lack of circulation, skin becomes dry and shrivelled, eg. on a foot
◦wet: commonly found on internal organs, eg. strangled hernia
◦gas: necrotic tissue has bubbles on it
Gangrene
Role of blood components
•RBCs:
carry oxygen
Role of blood components
•Platelets
blood clotting
Role of blood components
•WBCs
protect from infection, play a huge role in inflammation (5000-10,000/mm3)
What does blood play a huge role in _______?
Protection
•Post-surgical what will be elevated?
WBC
•Infection can be detected through _______ ________
blood screening
Which cell are the first responders?
WBC - Neutrophils 60 – 70%
WBC - Neutrophils are made in the?
•Made in bone marrow
- Reproduced quickly
- Quickly released during acute inflammatory response
- Stay in bloodstream for 6 hours
- Increase in neutrophils indicates infection
WBC - Neutrophils 60 – 70%
•Band cells are immature ______
Neutrophils
- 2nd line
* Antibodies
WBC - Lymphocytes 20 – 25%
- Circulate in the blood
- Migrate into tissue and turn into macrophages
- Have the ability to engulf large bacteria
WBC - Monocytes 3 – 8%
- Protective as well
- Are particularily useful in parasitic infections
- Release chemicals that will damage parasites
WBC - Eosinophils 2 – 4%
Which cells are the Mischief makers in asthma (shed their granules that release chemicals causing allergic reactions)
WBC - Eosinophils 2 – 4%
- Contain granules that release chemicals causing inflammation
- Will be increased in a major trauma
WBC - Basophils 0.5 – 1 %
Inflammatory Response
How many stages to the inflammatory response?
3
Which stage?
Inflammatory mediators are released, blood vessels dilate, pores in blood vessels open up, fluid leaks into tissue
Stage 1
Which stage?
WBCs destroy invading pathogens through phagocytosis
Stage 3
Which stage?
WBCs leave blood vessels and enter into the tissue; diapedesis
◦margination: WBCs start sticking to the sides of blood vessels
◦chemotaxis: WBCs sliping out of the blood vessels after margination, and migrate to the site of injury
Stage 2
Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation
- Erythema
- Heat
- Edema
- Pain
- Loss of function
- Exudate: drainage of dead WBCs
Local: localized area around injury
Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation
- Pyrexia (fever: interleukin 1 acts on hypothalamus to increase body temperature to fight infection
- Fatigue
- Anorexia
- Leukocytosis: increased WBC count
Systemic: widespread throughout the body
Bacteria
Process by which bacteria divide
binary fission
Bacteria
How do bacteria cause infection?
colonizing
Bacteria
Bacteria will destruct if the_______ ____ ___ _____?
conditions are not right
Bacteria
Bacteria can live on __________ or ________?
•living or non-living media
Bacteria
Characterized according to shape:
round, berry-shaped spheres
◦cocci
Bacteria
Characterized according to shape:
rod-shaped, long and narrow
◦bacilli
Bacteria
Characterized according to shape:
spiral-form
◦spirochete
What is the protective coat that is critical to bacteria survival?
endospore
What is the test used to identify bacteria?
gram stain
Is Fungi Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Is a Virus Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic
Is a bacteria Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic
disease caused by fungi
Mycoses
FUNGI
•well-developed
•eukaryotic
•2 life cycles: trophozoite turns into a cyst when conditions are too extreme (too hot, or ingested)
- microorganism that lives in water, plants, soil
- eg. bever fever
Protozoa
FUNGI •parasites •eukaryotic •mouth that allows them to latch onto things •eg. flatworms, roundworms, tapeworms
Helminths (greek for worms)
- smallest of all the infectious agents
- not living
- cannot reproduce on their own
- multiplies by cell invasion
- cannot grow in non-living material
- may have a long lifespan
VIRUSES
- purpose: cleans up old debris so that tissue cells ready can repair
- 0-3 days
INFLAMMATION
- 0-10 days
- increase cell proliferation on both sides of the wound
- increase in collagen (to form a bridge between two tissues)
- new basement membrane will form underneath healing ridge
- angiogenes (is new blood vessels to supply new tissue)
granulation
- 3-30 days
- wound starts to shrink and mould
- tissue starts to become aligned properly
wound contraction
wounds healing by first intention
sutures or staples
wounds healing by second intention
leaving the wound open to heal from the bottom up, allows infection out
wounds healing by tertiary intention
wound left open until swelling subsides, after which wounds will be resutured
- new tissue replaces the old
- looks and acts like new
- some tissues have the ability to regenerate nicely
- eg. skin
regeneration
- tissue will repair but won’t look or act like it did before
- eg. scar tissue
repair
when incision splits open
dehiscence
when incision splits apart and organs protrude
evisceration
What are the four processes of NOCICEPTION?
- Transduction 2. Transmission
3. Perception 4. Modulation
What are the two set of fibers?
A fibers (fast fibers) C fibers (slow fibers)
Which fiber is affected if it is a sharp shooting pain you feel first?
A Fibers (fast fibers)
Which fiber is affected if it is a dull aching pain that is long-lasting, eg. neuropathic pain
C fibers (slow fibers)
pain is alleviated by inhibiting substance P, what does is promote?
promotes endorphins and enkephalins
Definition
the amount of pain a person can tolerate before the person becomes aware of the pain, the point at which a person becomes aware of the pain
Pain threshold
Definition
the amount of pain a person can bear before they seek relief
Pain tolerance
Definition
when person first becomes aware of the pain
Pain perception
Pain effects all body systems
Describe how it effect the Respiratory
hurts too much to breathe
•Actelectasis & pneumonia
Pain effects all body systems
Describe how it effect the Muskuloskeletal
hurts too much to move
- Dvt
- Cardiovascular:
- High blood pressure
Pain effects all body systems
Describe how it effect the Endocrine
- Stress
* Cortisol
Pain effects all body systems
Describe how it effect the Immunity
•Cortisol decreases immunity
•Fast onset
Acute pain
- Long lasting pain
- C fibers are working overtime
- Has a different pathological response than acute pain
- Physiological changes in pain pathway
Chronic Pain
What is the difference between acute/nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain?
- acute is meant to be protective
* neuropathic pain has abnormal processing
Type of Pain
•Tissues deprived of oxygen
•Lactic acid (biproduct of anaerobic) sets off neurotransmitters
Ischemic pain
Type of Pain
•Pain sensation that occurs outside of where the tissue damage is
Referred pain
Type of Pain
•Can be acute or chronic
Cancer pain
Type of Pain
•Associated with chronic pain
•Inflammation and nerve damage to actual nerve fibers
•Characteristics
◦May not have high vitals
◦fatigue
◦Hyperalgesia: increased sensitivity to pain
◦Allodynia: pain is caused by something that doesn’t normally cause pain
Neuropathic pain
Type of Pain
•pain where a missing limb used to be
•very real and requires treatment
Phantom pain
•chronic pain is a stressor
Stress
secreted by adrenal medula; also called epinephrine
Adrenaline
how does epinephrine/Adrenaline effect our body?
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure,
- dilate pupils,
- contract skeletal muscle,
- vasodilation to release blood for muscles
- vasoconstriction around core and heart
What else does our body produce that helps epinephrine?
Cortisol
What does cortisol breakdown?
Protein
What does cortisol decrease?
muscle mass
Takes amino acids and burns them for energy and converts them into glucose (new glucose)
Gluconeogenesis
◦Hyperglycemia *Hypertension •Decreased protein synthesis ◦decreases wound healing ◦immunosuppression •Decreases inflammatory response – poor wound healing •Redistribution of fat •Decreased blood flow to gastric mucosa – causing gastric ulcers
Effects or biological actions of cortisol
How many liters of water in the body?
42L
Who has a greater risk of dehydration? Why?
•Premature infants at greatest risk of dehydration because of a greater ratio of skin surface and kidneys cannot conserve water
What are the Two broad fluid compartments?
- Intracellular (25 L)
2. Extracellular (17 L)
Movement of Water
movement of water through cell membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure
filtration
Movement of Water
moves water from blood vessels into interstitial space
hydrostatic pressure
Movement of Water
movement of water from an area of lesser concentration to one of more concentration
osmosis
Movement of Water
pressure that moves water from interstitial space into blood vessels
colloid osmotic pressure
What is the protein in blood?
albumin
Colloid osmotic pressure should equal ___________ ___________
hydrostatic pressure
measure of degree of concentration; number of particles per kilogram of solvent.
osmolality
measures the amount of substance in our blood
serum osmalality
SERUM OSMOLALITY IS ___ to ___
285-295
- Sudden weight loss
- Lightheadedness, dizziness, or syncope upon standing
- Sunken fontanel (infants)
- Rapid, thready pulse
- Low urine output (oliguria)
- Decreased skin turgor
- Absence of sweat and tears (infants)
- Hard stools
- Soft, sunken eyeballs
- Thirst
- Confusion, lethargy
- Hypovolemic shock
Signs of dehydration
•Acites (fluid buildup in the abdomen) •Crackles on auscultation •Edema (swelling) - particularly hands, feet, and ankles •Difficulty breathing while lying down •High blood pressure •Irritated cough • Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
Strong, rapid pulse
Signs of hypovolemia
What is the best indicator for fluid status?
Urine output - norm: 30 ml/hr
- _______________ is when somebody has a collection of fluid in a place where it normally wouldn’t be
- Excess water is accumulating in peritoneal space
Third Spacing
A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from a disease process, causing atelectassis
Pleural effusion
Tonicity
Fluid that has the same particle concentration (osmolality) as normal body fluid, will not change size of cells.
Isotonic
Tonicity
Fluid that has a higher particle concentration (osmolality) than normal body fluid; causes a net flow of water across cell membranes out of cells, causes water to come out of blood and the cells to shrink
Hypertonic
Tonicity
Fluid that has a lower particle concentration (osmolality) than normal body fluid; causes a net flow of water across cell membranes into cells., causes water to become more watery and the cells to swell
Hypotonic
What is the norm for Sodium (Na+)
136 – 145 mmol/L
What are the two types of sodium imbalances?
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
- too much sodium in the blood, caused by dehydration and eating too much salt
- clinical manifestations: thirst, lethargy, confusion, seizures, death
Hypernatremia
- too little salt in the blood
* clinical manifestations: Muscle cramps, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, headache, lethargy, seizures, coma
Hyponatremia
What is the norm for Potassium (K+)
3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L
What are the two types of Potassium imbalances?
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
<3.5 mmol/L would be hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
•Clinical manifestations: Skeletal muscle weakness, abdominal distention, paralytic ileus, cardiac arrhythmias
Hypokalemia < 3.5 mmol/L
•Clinical manifestations: Skeletal muscle weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrest
Hyperkalemia > 5.0 mmol/L
What would be the norm for Chloride (Cl)
98 – 106 mmol/L
Chloride provides indication of
acid – base and hydration status
Chloride is performed as part of “electrolyte testing, what electrolytes are tested?
◦Sodium
◦Potassium
◦Chloride
Blood has pH of?
7.35-7.45
Blood pH of < 7.35
acidose, excess hydrogen, blood is acidic
Blood pH of > 7.45
alkalosis
What is the norm for pCO2
35 – 45 Hg
Acid Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis or Normal
pH 7.36 pCO2 39 HCO3 24
Normal
Acid Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis or Normal
pH 7.32 pCO2 49 HCO3 23
Respiratory Acidosis
Acid Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis or Normal
pH 7.48 pCO2 39 HCO3 20
Metabolic Alkalosis
Acid Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis or Normal
pH 7.48 pCO2 30 HCO3 24
Respiratory Alkalosis
Acid Base Balance
Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis or Normal
pH 7.30 pCO2 38 HCO3 20
Metabolic Acidosis
PCO2
•Check pCO2 if pC02 _____ then cause is respiratory
Less than 35 or greater than 45
PCO2
Check bicarbonate level if HCO3 is ______ then cause is metabolic
Less than 22 or greater than 26
- also known as immunoglobulins
* immunoglobulins fit like lock and key mechanism
B Lymphocytes (humoral immunity)
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
Types of Immunoglobins
antibody that responds in blood transfusions
IgM ( it likes blood “M mmmmm blood)
o accounts for most antibodies
o respond to bacteria and viruses
o disease/virus-specific
o antibodies that mother passes on to infant
IgG (my momma “G ave” them to me)
o normally present in blood in small amounts
o elevated when allergic reaction present
IgE (give me a shot of “E pinephrine”)
o antibodies found in body secretions (saliva and tears)
o born with them
IgA (I like my “A ntibodies”).
- thought to participate in signal transduction across the B-cell membrane along with the B-cell receptors
- unsure of role
IgD (because it’s the “D umb” one haha)
T-LYMPHOCYTES ARE _______ MEDIATED IMMUNITY
CELL MEDIATED
IMMATURE T-CELLS MATURE INTO EITHER _________ T-CELL OR ______________ T-CELL
HELPER T-CELLS & CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
WHICH MATURE T-CELL KILLS INVADER DIRECTLY?
MATURE CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
WHICH MATURE T-CELL HELPS BUILD ANTIBODIES?
MATURE HELPER T-CELLS
How can an antigen can recognize antibodies or other types of cells?
CLUSTER DIFFERENTIATION
WHY DOES HIV ATTACK T-HELPER CELLS?
BECAUSE OF CD4 RECEPTORS
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
NATURAL & ARITIFICIAL
IMMUNITY WE GET FROM BEING NATURALLY EXPOSED TO A DISEASE
NATURAL IMMUNITY
TWO PARTS TO NATURAL IMMUNITY
ACTIVE & PASSIVE
ANTIBODIES MADE BASED ON EXPOSURE RESULTING IN IMMUNITY
ACTIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
ANTIBODIES THAT INFANT RECEIVES FROM MOTHER, RESULTING IN IMMUNITY FOR FIRST 3 MONTHS OF LIFE
PASSIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
DELIBERATE EXPOSURE TO AN ANTIGEN
ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
TWO TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
ACTIVE & PASSIVE
WHICH TYPE OF IMMUNITY?
RECEIVING A VACCINE.
ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
WHICH TYPE OF IMMUNITY?
PERSON WHO HAS NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY IMMUNIZED HAD BECOME EXPOSED, AND IS NOW RECEIVING IMMUNOGLOBINS (ImG) VIA INJECTION
PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
HIV IS PART OF WHICH FAMILY?
RETROVIRUS
HIV DESTROYS __________ CELLS WHICH MEANS NO ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED
T-HELPER CELLS
2 TYPES OF HIV VIRUS
HIV TYPE 1
HIV TYPE 2
WHICH OF THE TWO TYPES OF HIV VIRUS IS MOST FAMILIAR TO US?
HIV TYPE 1
WHICH 3 ENZYMES AID IN THE DAMAGING PROCESS OF HIV
PROTEASE
INTEGRASE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
• uses glycoproteins to latch onto cell
o fuses to cell
o injects RNA into the cell
o reverse transcriptase takes RNA and turns it into DNA
o integrate takes DNA and puts it with DNA in the nucleus
o protease takes DNA and rebuilds it into RNA (rebuilds another RNA virus)
HIV LIFECYCLE
HOW IS HIV CONTRACTED
Mode of Transmission
• sexual contact
• blood or blood products
• mother to child transmission
HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION
4 STAGES
- INITIAL INFECTION
- SEROCONVERSION
- CLINICAL LATENCY
- AIDS
WHICH STAGE OF HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION:
o t helper cells are main targets (CD4 Molecules)
o rapid replication following exposure
INITIAL INFECTION
WHICH STAGE OF HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION:
o antibodies don’t develop until 3 weeks to 6 months
o might have general flu-like symptoms (lethargy, sore joints) as body trying to fight off infection
SEROCONVERSON
WHICH STAGE OF HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION:
o symptoms disappear
o virus is still active and producing
o cytotoxic T cells are still working and trying to kill off virus
o over time cytotoxic T cells are going to diminish
o trying to destroy immune system at same time
o lasts about 10 years
CLINICAL LATENCY
WHICH STAGE OF HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION:
o CD count
AIDS
2 TESTS FOR HIV INFECTION
- ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) TEST
2. WESTERN BLOT TEST
WHICH TEST FOR HIV INFECTION?
o looking for antibodies
o possible false negatives if taken before antibodies are produced because of 3 weeks “window period”
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) TEST
WHICH TEST FOR HIV INFECTION?
o tested on HIV positive person
o helps to measure the progression
WESTERN BLOT TEST
IMMUNE SYSTEM IS BEHAVING INAPPROPRIATELY…
(LIKE AKRAM) - hehe
HYPERSENSITIVITY
THERE ARE _______ TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
FOUR
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY? • allergic reaction, asthma • histamines cause inflammation in the lungs resulting in: o SOB o bronchoconstriction o wheezing o increase in mucus production
TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?
• also known as
o cytotoxic
o tissue specific
• antibodies (IgG & IgM) attack antigens on the surface of specific cells
• eg. Graves disease, hemolytic anemia (incompatible blood transfusion)
TYPE 2 HYPERSENSITIVITY
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?
• not tissue specific
• damage all blood vessels in any and all tissue
• destroys multiple tissues and organs at the same time
• eg. lupus
TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?
• t cells are culprits
• tissue specific
TYPE 4 HYPERSENSITIVITY
TYPES OF LUPUS
SYSTEMIC & DISCOID
WHICH TYPE OF LUPUS?
• Autoimmune
• Autoantibody production directed against nuclear antigens
• Antigen-antibody complexes form entering basement membrane of capillaries resulting in inflammatory response
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
WHICH TYPE OF LUPUS?
• Affects kidneys, heart, brain, lungs, skin, joints
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
WHICH TYPE OF LUPUS?
characteristic butterfly shaped rash on face because antigen-antibodies have attacked connective tissue in face
DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
- acute or insidious
- arthralgia, fever, fatigue, joint deformities
- malar rash, lattice like venular skin changes, alopecia
- raynaud’s phenomenon
- glomerulonephritis renal failure
- myocarditis CHF
- pleuritis, pleural effusion
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LUPUS
LUPUS OCCURS MORE GENERALLY IN _________ OF _____ TO _____ YEARS.
FEMALES 15 - 40YRS
positive ANA test is usually present with positive anti-DNA (antibody to native DNA) and anti-Sm (antibody to Smith nuclear antigen)
TESTING FOR LUPUS
