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Human Origins > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.

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2
Q

Ethnology

A

a branch of anthropology that analyzes cultures, especially in regard to their historical development and the similarities and dissimilarities between them.

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3
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

the study of human speech and language, including the origins of language in general

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4
Q

Ecological Anthropology

A

the study of culture adaptations to environment

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5
Q

Economic Anthropology

A

attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope

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6
Q

Medical Anthropology

A

views humans from a multidimensional and ecological perspective

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7
Q

Historic archaeology

A

he study of the material remains of past societies that also left behind some other form of historical evidence

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8
Q

Prehistoric archaeology

A

he archaeological remains of cultures that are primarily pre-urban

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9
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species, using fossils and other remains.

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10
Q

paleoprimatology

A

study of ancient primates

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11
Q

primatology

A

study of primates

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12
Q

osteology

A

the study of skeletal material, particularly skeletal remains found on archaeological sites

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13
Q

forensic anthropology

A

applied anthropology approach dealing with legal matters

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14
Q

paleopathology

A

branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletons

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15
Q

scientific method

A

an approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated and tested

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16
Q

Linneaus

A

Systema Naturae 1735- established system of bionial nomenclature and established taxonomy

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17
Q

fixity of species

A

the notion that species, once created, can never change

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18
Q

Lamarck

A

his theory that if the external environment changed, an animals activity would also change to accommodate the new circumstance (ex: giraffe stretching neck)

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19
Q

inheritance of acquired characters

A

theory that a trait acquired by an animal during its life time can be passed on to offspring (false)

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20
Q

Cuvier (catastrophism)

A

the view that the earths geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events

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21
Q

Lyell

A

founder of modern geology and wrote Principles of Geology and created the theory of uniformitarianism

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22
Q

uniformitarianism

A

theory that the earths features are a result of long term processes that continue to operate in the present just as they did in the past

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23
Q

Anning

A

paleotologist who discovered Ichthyosaurus and Pleiosaurus

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24
Q

palentologist

A

the science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils.

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25
Q

Darwin

A

1809-1882. went on trip to Galapagos Islands and discovered natural selection through natural selection. Published On the Origin of Species

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26
Q

natural selection

A

animals with undesirable traits would be selected against

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27
Q

Malthus

A

theory that population is limited by the amount of food and water

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28
Q

Wallace

A

“differential reproductive success” Published On the Tendency of Varities to Depart Indefinately from the Original Type. Species developed through competition

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29
Q

polypeptide chain

A

A chain of amino acids joined together through peptide bonds.

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30
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion or any functional product

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31
Q

genome

A

entire genetic makeup of an individual or species

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32
Q

mutation

A

a change in DNA

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33
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

type of RNA that bonds to specific amino acids and transports them to ribosome during protein synthesis

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34
Q

codons

A

triples of mRNA bases that code for specific amino acids during protein synthesis

35
Q

mRNA

A

form of RNA that’s assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. Then carries DNA code to ribosome during protein synthesis

36
Q

amino acids

A

small molecules that are components of protein

37
Q

hormones

A

substances that are produced by specialized cells and that travel to other parts of the body where they influence chemical reactions

38
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules

39
Q

complementary

A

refers to the fact DNA bases form pairs in a precise manner (A-T) (C-G)

40
Q

enzymes

A

specialized proteins that initiate and direct chemical reactions in body

41
Q

nucleotide

A

basic units of the DNA molecule (sugar, phosphate and base)

42
Q

zygote

A

a cell formed by the union of sperm and egg

43
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells

44
Q

somatic cells

A

all cells except sex cells

45
Q

ribosomes

A

structure composed of RNA and protein

46
Q

mitochondria

A

converts energy to a form that can be used by the cell

47
Q

protein synthesis

A

the assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules

48
Q

RNA

A

single stranded molecule similar structure to DNA

49
Q

DNA

A

double stranded molecule that contains genetic code

50
Q

nucleus

A

organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and RNA

51
Q

proteins

A

three dimensional molecules that serve a wde variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules

52
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

a method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA sample

53
Q

noncoding DNA

A

DNA that does not direct the production of proteins. However, such DNA segments produce thousands of molecules that are involved in gene regulation

54
Q

exons

A

segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis

55
Q

introns

A

Non-coding, intervening sequences of dna that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger rna. most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain this, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes.

56
Q

homeobox genes

A

ancient family of genes that directs embryonic development and are involved in physiological process throughout life

57
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. It results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele

58
Q

point mutation

A

a change in one of the four DNA bases

59
Q

chromosomes

A

discrete structures composed of DNA and proteins found only in the nuclei of cells

60
Q

autosomes

A

all chromosomes except sex cells

61
Q

sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

62
Q

locus

A

the position or location on a chromosome where a given gene occurs

63
Q

allele

A

One member of a pair (or any of the series) of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome (called locus) that controls the same trait.

64
Q

karyotype

A

chromosomes of an individual or what is typical of a species viewed microscopically and displayed in a photograph

65
Q

mitosis

A

The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell.

66
Q

meiosis

A

production of four haploid gametes (sex cells), each containing one of every pair of homologous chromosomes (that is, with the maternal and paternal chromosomes being distributed randomly between the cells).

67
Q

recombination

A

exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis

68
Q

random assortment

A

the chance of distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meisos

69
Q

ontogeny

A

a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

70
Q

diploid

A

A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n.

71
Q

haploid

A

) A cell or an organism having half of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.

72
Q

homozygous

A

Of, or pertaining to an individual (or a condition in a cell or an organism) containing two copies of the same allele for a particular trait located at similar positions (loci) on paired chromosomes (see homologous chromosomes).

73
Q

heterozygous

A

Of, or pertaining to an individual (or a condition in a cell or an organism) containing two different alleles for a particular trait.

74
Q

dominant allele

A

(Of, or pertaining to) An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present.

75
Q

recessive allele

A

A recessive Allele results in expression of the recessive characteristic if there is no dominant allele present. Trait in organism wont appear in the presence of a dominant allele.

76
Q

codominance

A

the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. In this situation neither allele is dominant or recessive so they both influence the phenotype

77
Q

polygenic

A

traits influenced by genes at two or more loci (skin color, eye color, hair color)

78
Q

gene pool

A

all genes shared by the reproductive members of a population

79
Q

gene flow

A

exchange of genes through the population

80
Q

genetic drift

A

evolutionary changes, or changes in allele frequencies, produced by random factors in small populations

81
Q

founder’s affect

A

a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from larger populations or are remnants of the latter

82
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

the maintanence of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote

83
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

there is a relationship between BODY mass and temperature (population)

84
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

colder environments will have shorter APPENDAGES

Human Origins (5 decks)

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