Test 1 Flashcards
what is matter
- anything that has mass and occupies space
- makes up all physical objects
how is matter commonly found
mix of substances –> elements and compounds
what is mass
quantity of matter in an object
what has magnitude but no direction
mass
can mass change?
no regardless of state
mass vs gravity
weight needs gravity
what is weight
force that an object exerts under influence of gravity
purest form of matter is ____
atom
what is an atom
smallest particle of an element with chemical properties of that element
what is energy
ability to do work
types of energy (7)
potential
kinetic
chemical
electrical
thermal
nuclear
electromagnetic
what is the unit of energy
joule
what is the theory of relativity
matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be converted
what is potential energy
ability to do work based by position
type of energy with mass and position
potential energy
what is kinetic energy
energy of motion
type of energy with mass and speed
kinetic energy
what is chemical energy
energy released by chemical reactions
what is electrical energy?
work done when electron moves through an electric potential difference
what occurs to produced an electrical energy
electrons collision
electrical potential known as?
voltage
what is thermal energy
energy of motion at molecular level
how to increase thermal energy?
increase kinetic energy (movement) = more heat
what is nuclear energy
energy contained within nucleus of an atom
how is nuclear energy created
by altering nucleus of atom
what is electromagnetic energy
energy output of electric and magnetic disturbances in space
how is electromagnetic energy created
acceleration of a charge
magnetic field = electromagnetic energy
difference between xray and yray
xray: man made
yray: nucleus of atom
list the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum from low to high frequency (8)
radio waves
microwaves
infrared
visible light
ultraviolet
xrays
gamma rays
cosmic rays
what is a photon
smallest quantity of any type of EM energy
_____ wavelength + ______ frequency = _____ dosage
short
high
less
properties of EM energy
frequency
wavelength
velocity
what is frequency
rate of rise and fall of sine wave = number of crest that passes the point per unit of time
what is frequency measured in
hertz –> cycles/sec
property of ionizing radiation
high frequency
short wavelength
what is wavelength
distance between any 2 points on a wave (crest to crest)
what is wavelength measured in
meters or Angstroms
what defines velocity
speed and direction
relationship between frequency and wavelength
what proves this?
inversely proportional
EM wave equation
what is the velocity of EM radiation
ALL constant at 3x10^8 m/s
low energy has ____ wavelength and ______ frequency
long
low
high energy has ____ wavelength and ______ frequency
short
high
what is directly proportional to frequency?
what proves this?
energy of photon
Plank’s quantum equation
what is particle theory
high frequency energies behaves more like a particle (electron) than a wave (emitting particles) and vice versa
characteristic of visible light
behaves like a wave
more white = more xray absorption
what affects visible light
interacting material changes how material transmits/absorbs light
types of interactions between light and absorbing material
transparency - all light in
translucency - some light in
opacity - no light in
radiopaque and example
absorb xrays
ex. bone
radiolucent and example
transmits xray
ex. lung tissue and some soft tissue
list materials from radiopaque –> radiolucent (5)
metal
bone
water/soft tissue
fat
gas
what are the primary fundamental units of measurement
mass
length
time
what are the secondary fundamental units of measurement
area
volume
density
temperature
every unit has _____
magnitude and unit
what does absorbed dose measure?
Quantifies the biological effects of radiation on humans and animals
what is absorbed dose measured in?
RAD or Gray (Gy) –> radiation energy absorbed per unit mass
what quantity is used for any material or to describe patient dose
absorbed dose
what does effective dose measure? aka?
quantity of radiation received by radiation workers
AKA: dose equivalent
what is effective dose measured in?
REM or Sievert (Sv)
what does exposure measure?
radiation intensity
