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Epidemiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology is a science about

A

Frequency and distribution of disease related events and determinants of disease and health in populations

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2
Q

In definition of epidemiology the terms “distribution” and “determinants” refer to..

A

Frequency, patterns (profiles) and causes of disease related events in populations

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3
Q

In the definition of epidemiology, “determinants” generally refers to what 3 things

A
  1. Disease agents
  2. Causes of disease
  3. Risk factors of disease
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4
Q

In what way do host determinants define the differences between animals

A

In susceptibility to disease agents

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5
Q

What 3 things do environmental factors influence

A
  1. Susceptibility of the host to disease agents
  2. Distribution of cases of the disease in different parts of the population
  3. Exposure of the host to disease agents
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6
Q

The primary determinants are

A

Factors that have major effect in inducing the disease

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7
Q

The secondary determinants are factors that..

A

Predispose the host to the disease or modify the influence of primary factors

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8
Q

The exogenous disease determinants are

A

All factors originating from external environment, that cause- or have influence on a disease

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9
Q

The endogenous determinants are

A

Factors related to the properties of the host that may have influence on disease occurrence

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10
Q

What theory does epidemiology use in assigning associations and risk

A

Probability theory

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11
Q

‘Rapidly in rapidly out’ strategy is

A

Survival strategy of pathogens

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12
Q

Ability of agent to induce antibody production in the host is

A

Antigenicity

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13
Q

Ability of agent to survive adverse environmental conditions is its

A

Stability

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14
Q

An infection in which the pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed..

A

Latent infection

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15
Q

An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans (or from humans to animals)

A

Zoonosis

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16
Q

An organism that transmits the disease-causing organism from the reservoir to the host

A

Vector

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17
Q

Capacity of agent to cause disease in infected host

A

Pathogenicity

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18
Q

Capacity of agent to enter and multiply in host and produce infection

A

Infectivity

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19
Q

If an animal is infected with a virus and a mosquito bites it - gets contaminated with the virus and proceeds to bite and infect a person. In this scenario - what is the vector?

A

Mosquito

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20
Q

Which of these pathogens are microbial agents?
A. Single cell fungi
B. Helminths
C. Protozoa
D. Arthropods
E. Bacteria

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

Severity of disease that the agent causes in infected host reflects the ? of the agent

A

Virulence

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22
Q

The natural habitat of a pathogen is termed the ? of the infection

A

Reservoir

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23
Q

The transmission of a disease via a fomite (non-living object involved in transmission) is known as

A

Indirect transmission

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24
Q

A disease model describing the causality of well-defined infectious diseases is

A

Infection chain

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25
Q

What does the P value express in statistical analysis

A

The probability that a relationship between variables has been found by chance

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Evan’s postulates have a difficulty dealing with multiple etiological errors, multiple effects of single causes, carrier states, non-agent factors and quantitative causal factors

A

False

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27
Q

A disease model allowing to describe associations between different disease determinants together with their association with the disease is

A

Web of causation

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28
Q

The assumptions of Koch’s postulates are not fulfilled in case of
A. Quantitative causal factors
B. Well-defined infectious agents
C. Multi-causal etiology
D. Carrier state of host
E. Multiple effects of one cause

A

Quantitative causal factors

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29
Q

The combination of disease determinants that leads to the induction of disease is named

A

Sufficient cause

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
The existence of a statistical association between the factors and the disease is decisive in determining the causality of a factors
(Statistical association = causal relationship)

A

False

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31
Q

Describe 3 of the Koch’s postulates

A
  1. When inoculated into a susceptible animal the agent has to cause specific disease
  2. The agent causing the disease must be present in all cases of the disease
  3. The agent has to be isolated and grown in pure culture
32
Q

What is meant by ‘Cause of a disease’

A

Any event, condition or characteristic that plays a significant role in the development of the disease

33
Q

The disease determinant that has to be present to induce the disease is named

A

A necessary cause

34
Q

What is an important principle of Evan’s postulates

A

That the causation of the factor is based primarily on the study of disease and exposure in groups of animals

35
Q

Which of the following are components of the infection chain model
A. Mode of transmission
B. Agent
C. The environment
D. Source of infection (reservoir)
E. Necessary cause

A

Mode of transmission (A) and Source of infection (D)

36
Q

A causal model utilising the concept of necessary and sufficient cause is

A

Wheel of causation

37
Q

What are the two assumptions of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. There must be one specific cause for the disease
  2. One specific cause must result in only one specific disease
38
Q

The epidemiologic triad of disease causation refers to:
A. Agent, host environment
B. Source, mode of transmission, susceptible host
C. Time, place, person
D. John Cena, Marilyn Monroe, Esta Nahkur

A

Agent host and environment (A)

39
Q

The level of independency in measurements and evaluations of the person who records and/or analyses the trait (variable) in question defines

A

Objectivity of data

40
Q

If a diagnostic technique measures the properties of the body that best reflect the true health status of the individual, the technique is considered

A

Valid

41
Q

What are the two types of statistical variables?

A

Qualitative and quantitative

42
Q

Which of these variables is an example of a categorical data
A. 75.2kg
B. Height
C. Colours
D. Number of animals

A

Colours (C)

43
Q

A categorical variables is also

A

Qualitative

44
Q

Which of these variables is an example of a continuous data
A. Breed
B. Infection status (yes/no)
C. Height (Cm)
D. Body condition index (1-5)

A

Height (cm)

45
Q

Discrete variable is also a

A

Quantitative variable

46
Q

Which of these variables is an example of ordinal data
A. Weak, moderate, severe
B. Red, green, blue
C. Fever (yes/no)
D. Bodyweight (kg)

A

Weak, moderate, severe (A)

47
Q

What are summarised, numerical and pictorial (graphical) information about variables are called

A

Descriptive statistics

48
Q

All of these are measures of central location except
A. Mode
B. Arithmetic mean
C. Geometric mean
D. Range
E. Median

A

Range (D)

49
Q

The measure of a central location that is most affected by one extreme value is the..

A

Arithmetic mean

50
Q

All of the following are measures of dispersion except
A. Standard deviation
B. One percentile
C. Interquartile range
D. Variance
E. Range

A

One percentile (B)

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Standard deviation and variance have the same units

A

False

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
For a given set of measurements, the deviation and the standard deviation have identical units

A

True

53
Q

What is a histogram?

A

A graphical expression of a frequency distribution

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Values of one variable may have more than one modes

A

True

55
Q

What is the purpose of descriptive epidemiology (3)

A
  1. To understand variations in disease frequency geographically and over time
  2. To understand how disease varies among animal groups
  3. To provide clues about source, and modes of transmission of disease agents
56
Q

Epidemic curve expresses

A

Dynamics of disease in time

57
Q

Epidemic curve, where the first peak is followed by one or more peaks with relatively similar time interval, is characteristic to what

A

Probagating epidemic

58
Q

Large number of animals falling ill in a short period of time is characteristic to

A

Pointsource epidemic

59
Q

A disease is called endemic when

A

Disease occurs with relatively small fluctuations in frequency through long time period

60
Q

Disease is called epidemic when

A

The disease occurrence overcomes significantly the usual level observed in a population

61
Q

The disease is called sporadic when

A

Disease occurs rarely and without regularity

62
Q

What kind of disease is it when there are usually no more than 2-4 cases per week, and last week there were 13 cases

A

Epidemic

63
Q

What kind of disease is it when there are fewer than 10 cases per year and last week was only one case

A

Sporadic

64
Q

What kind of disease is it if there usually are 40-50 cases per week, and last week were 48 cases

A

Endemic

65
Q

What kind of exposure is propagated epidemic usually the result of

A

Animal to animal

66
Q

Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease over a period of some years or a year are

A

Cyclic trends

67
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
To describe the dynamics of the disease in time, we use time-series analysis and presentation of data on frequency polygons or bar charts

A

True

68
Q

The main sources of errors in long time trends of disease frequency (3)

A
  1. Changes in registration and reporting
  2. Changes in host population structure
  3. Changes (differences) in recognition (diagnostics) of a disease
69
Q

To describe the geographical distribution of the disease, we use
A. Histograms
B. Cartograms
C. Nanograms
D. Pictograms

A

Cartograms (B)

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Demographic characteristics are restricted to host characteristics (age, sex, species etc)

A

False

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Socio-economic status of an animal is made up of variables like economic status and/or educational level of the owner, animal keeping practises and traditions

A

True

72
Q

Demographic characteristics influence the hosts
A. None of these
B. Both - susceptibility to disease and opportunities for exposure
C. Susceptibility to disease
D. Opportunities for exposure

A

Both (B)

73
Q

Epidemiological data are related to (4)

A
  1. Factors influencing the animal productivity
  2. Animal productivity
  3. Factors influencing the animal health
  4. Animal diseases
73
Q

Epidemiological data are related to (4)

A
  1. Factors influencing the animal productivity
  2. Animal productivity
  3. Factors influencing the animal health
  4. Animal diseases
74
Q

The parameters describing the data quality are
A. Validity
B. Refinement
C. Reliability
D. Precision
E. Correctness

A

A + B + C + D

Epidemiology (3 decks)

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