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Physiology Lancaster, Quarter 2, Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Death

A

Apoptosis-programmed cell death

Cell Necrosis

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2
Q

Intracellular electrolytes

A

Cations: POTASSIUM, magnesium, calcium, sodium
Anions: PHOSPHATE, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate

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3
Q

The Phospholipid bilayer is composed of?

A

A polar hydroPHILIC phosphate region on the outside and a NONpolar hydroPHOBIC fatty acid on the inside.

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4
Q

Intrinsic Proteins serve what functions?

A

protein channels
transport proteins
cell membrane bound receptors
cell markers.

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5
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

directed toward inside or outside of cell membrane
enzymes
often attached to and regulate intrinsic proteins or carry out messages as directed by intrinsic proteins

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6
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A

Almost always attached to membrane proteins or membrane lipids: glycoproteins and glycolipids

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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Composed of all the various carbohydrates attached to outer surface of cell membrane

Attached to glycocalyx of adjacent cells

Provides extenral support to cell, and can provide support to surrounding glycocalyx’s

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8
Q

What is the nucleus composed of?

A

Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, nucleoplasm

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9
Q

Is the nucleus present in all cells?

A

NO

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10
Q

Most cells have how many nuclei?

A

ONE

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11
Q

Which cells have multiple nuclei?

A

MUSCLE CELLS

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12
Q

What is the nucleus responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis and reproduction

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13
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

inner/outer phospholipid membrane

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14
Q

Nuclear pores

A

regulate what goes into and out of the nucleus

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15
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Like cytoplasm for the nucleus

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

Has no outer membrane. It is composed of DNA and chromatin. DNA cannot leave nucleus.

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

It is an extension of the nuclear membrane
If it has ribosomes it is called the ROUGH ER
W/O ribosomes it is called the SMOOTH ER
There are also FREE floating ribosomes called FREE Ribosomes

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18
Q

Ribosomes function is to do what?

A

Synthesize proteins

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19
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Most prominent on side of the cell that secretes hormones

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20
Q

Where are Ribosomal subunits formed?

A

In the Nucleolus. They are formed into Large and Small Subunits. Large=60S, Small=40S

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21
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA, which is incorporated into its large and small subunits in the NUCLEOLUS

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22
Q

Can rRNA synthesize for a specific protein?

A

NO

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23
Q

What do DNA strands inside the nucleus do?

A

They code for specific proteins, and send a messenger bc they cannot leave the nucleus

24
Q

How does DNA send its message out of the cell?

A

DNA transcribes its coding onto mRNA (messenger RNA), which passes out of the nuclear pore and into the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome.

25
Q

How many amino acids are necessary for protein synthesis?

A
  1. Both essential and nonessential are needed.
26
Q

How are amino acids held together?

A

Peptide bonds

27
Q

What type of patients are in a catabolic state?

A

Traumatic Accident victims, Septic patients, inflammatory conditions. They will be unable to synthesize proteins. Clinically this will present as a low ALBUMIN Level.

28
Q

The ROUGH ER synthesizes proteins that go where?

A

The proteins form a vesicle and breaks off and goes to the Golgi Apparatus. The golgi then sends out secretory vesicles, where it then goes to the plasma membrane where either exocytosis occurs or proteins are incorporated in the membrane

29
Q

SMOOTH ER

A

Synthesizes glycogen
Takes part in glycogenoLYSIS
Synthesizes lipids-phospholipids and cholesterol
Detoxifies drugs and other toxins-i.e. alcohol.

30
Q

What are examples of Phagocytes?

A

WBC, neutrophils, macrophages

31
Q

How do Lysosomes work?

A

They come into contact with bacteria and secrete hydrolytic enzymes that break the bacteria down into its organic parts.

32
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Synthesize hydrogen peroxide H2O2

33
Q

List 5 examples of REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

A
  1. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
  2. Superoxide (O2-):picked up an electron, can be toxic if it accumulates
  3. Hydroxly Radical (OH)
  4. Hypochlorous Acid
  5. Nitric Oxide
34
Q

What is a reason the body creates Reactive Oxygen Species?

A

Anytime the body becomes ischemic and is quickly reperfused

35
Q

What are some examples of Antioxidants?

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Beta Carotene-the precursor to vitamin A
Flavonoids-dark chocolate, pomegranate juice, cranberries, blueberries, acai berries, red wines, green and black tea: others

36
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

To synthesize ATP, which helps to perform any work that needs to be done

37
Q

How do mitochondria reproduce?

A

Mitochondria have their own DNA and mitochondrial DNA helps to reproduce mitochondria.

38
Q

What are crista?

A

Crista are the inner folds of the mitochondria that make up the inner matrix

39
Q

Enzymes on the crista serve as?

A

Electron receptors or acceptors and hydrogen ion pumps

40
Q

How many calories are released from a high energy phosphate bond breaking?

A

12,000 or 12 Kilocalories.

41
Q

How many calories are released from a low energy phosphate bond breaking off?

A

7,500 or 7.5 Kilocalories.

42
Q

In arteries and veins adenosine is a potent what?

A

Vasodilator

43
Q

If adenosine accumulates in the kidneys, adenosine becomes a potent what?

A

Vasoconstrictor

44
Q

CO2 is a byproduct of what type of metabolism?

A

AEROBIC

45
Q

What is the byproduct of ANaerobic metabolism?

A

Lactate or Lactic Acid

46
Q

Acetyl CoEnzyme A turns the Krebs/CA cycle how many times?

A

Once

47
Q

During glycolysis how many ATP are formed and how many are available for use?

A

4 ATP are formed but two are used up in the reaction leaving a net of 2

48
Q

Where does aerobic metabolism occur after conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid?

A

In the Mitochondria

49
Q

Where does ANaerobic metabolism take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

50
Q

What type of cells have no Mitochondria?

A

Mature RBC’s, and they synthesize ATP only through anaerobic metabolism.

51
Q

What are the two byproducts of AEROBIC metabolism?

A

CO2 and Water

52
Q

What four substances are we concerned with that cross the cell membrane and are involved in glycolysis?

A

Glucose, oxygen, Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids

53
Q

When fatty acids go through beta oxidation what is synthesized?

A

Acetyl CO-A

54
Q

Glucose is converted enzymatically in the cytoplasm to what?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

55
Q

A hydrogen atom has how many protons and electrons?

A

One proton, one electron, it is electrically neutral

56
Q

A hydrogen ion has how many protons and electrons?

A

One proton and no electrons, it is a cation and is electrically charged. A loss of an electron is a loss of energy

Physiology Lancaster, Quarter 2, Test 1 (1 decks)

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