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Social Science Test #1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into your brain. Not in brain not in encoded

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2
Q

Storage

A

How your brain holds onto the encoded information
1. Sensory memory: first type of storage our memory performs, lasting for less than a second

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

Get the information when you need it. Getting your stuff out of your storage is a problem

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4
Q

Interleaved Practice

A

Mix up the way you practise learning related content.

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5
Q

Elaborative Interrogation

A

Attempting to figure out the reasoning behind some stated fact, or asking “why”

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6
Q

Self-explanation

A

Focuses more on explaining the concept to yourself to ensure that you fully understand it

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7
Q

Highlighting

A

Highlighting the most important information that a student deems rememberable, but if a student has highlighted too much on a page it can seem as if you need to know everything and not the most important aspects

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8
Q

Rereading

A

Problem is simply rereading the material over and over again is passive. If you aren’t processing the material you read it won’t sick.

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9
Q

Summarization

A

Summarizing material you need to learn is not always the best strategy. Not effective when you have a lot of material to learn.
Good for short quiz on a few main points

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10
Q

Managing Time

A

Buy a planner, make list, use apps. Create a schedule.
Don’t be a hero take a break
Eat your frogs for breakfast

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11
Q

Seeking Help

A

On Campus:
- Your friends
- Academic Advisors
- Study groups
- counselling or wellness centre
- Prof
- writing centre

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12
Q

Authority

A

A way that we’ve come to learn is through someone else telling us. Useful and time-Saving way to learn

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13
Q

Tradition

A

We know things simply because we have always seem to know then or facts that have been passed from generation to generation

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14
Q

Common sense

A

Many things that make sense are actually true but don’t assume everything that makes sense yo you is actually true

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15
Q

Determinism

A

The assumption that all events or phenomena have causes; things happen for a reason. Important in science if we didn’t believe that events were determined. If we believe things had no underlying cause then we couldn’t study or predict them

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16
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea of learning things by observing them. Observations need to be systematic

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17
Q

Parsimony

A

The law that the best explanation is the simplest one. Applies to whether you are developing a theory or trying to determine the best-fitting theory.

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18
Q

Testability

A

The ability to determine whether the theory actually explains the phenomenon

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19
Q

Operationalization

A

The process of specifying how a variable is measured

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20
Q

Paradigms

A

Ways of looking at the world. A frame of reference, or a worldview, without which you would not be able to organize and make sense of the things you see around you.

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21
Q

Positivist Paradigm

A

Believe social behaviour can be measured and interpreted using the same techniques used to measure and interpret the natural world.

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22
Q

Interpretive Paradigm

A

Builds upon the philosophical foundations of post-structuralism and postmodernism. Concentrate on the study of meanings created by groups and individuals.

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23
Q

Critical Paradigms

A

Does not merely seek to develop theories to explain social realities. Goal-oriented paradigm that seeks “ human emancipation from slavery… to create a world which satisfies the needs and power.”

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24
Q

Theories (in social science)

A

A statement of suspected relationship between and among variables. Anytime you see something happening that doesn’t appear to have a clear cause explanation, you probably develop a theory about why it happened.

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25
Q

Deductive & inductive approach

A

Inductive: Observation - hypothesis - theory
Deductive: Theory - hypothesis - observation

26
Q

Steps in Research Process

A
  1. Select a topic
  2. Develop research question
  3. Design the study
  4. Collect the data
  5. Analyze the data
  6. Give meaning to the findings
  7. Inform others
27
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Aims for an in-depth understanding of various aspects of human condition, focusing on the words people say, the gestures they make or photos they take, among other things.

28
Q

Interview

A

Most common qualitative methods. Involves a researcher asking a responder a question and then documenting the answers (wither by recording or taking notes)

29
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Aims to learn more about phenomena n=by measuring them with as much accuracy as possible using numbers

30
Q

Independent & dependant variable

A

Independent: researcher manipulates the variable to see what effect is has. The variable being manipulated.
Dependant: the variable that is measured (to see if it changed)

31
Q

Content Analysis

A

Combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Involves quantifying traditionally qualitative things, like words or images, in an attempt to identify common themes. Helps researchers compare themes over time.

32
Q

Research

A

Exploration: starting point for when we don’t know enough about a topic to know what questions to ask
Descriptive: way to empirically ask questions regarding how often a phenomenon happens, who is involved, under what conditions it occurs and so on.
Explanation: about asking why
Programmatic: aims to first explore the phenomenon, then describe it, and then provide an explaination as to why it happens.
Basic: conducted for the purpose of understanding
Applied: purpose to address some specific problem or issue

33
Q

Finding a Topic

A
  1. What interest you
  2. Do some reading
  3. Pick something doable
34
Q

Idea Map

A

Write your topic in a large circle in the centre of the page and then write other questions or ideas related to your topic.

35
Q

Research Question

A
  1. Should be debatable, meaning that the answer to the question is not so obvious that everyone knows it.
  2. You should choose a question you don’t know the answer to.
    Biased one-sided paper will not get you a good grade and not learn anything new
36
Q

Scholarly vs. Non-scholarly Sources

A

Scholarly: within the social sciences is an article or book written by an expert in the field, often describing original scientific research.
Non- scholarly: written by a non-scientist such as blogger, journalist, member of the general public

37
Q

Primary & Secondary Source

A

primary: description of original research, conducted by the author. EX: experiments, surveys, interviews, content analysis.
Secondary: are a step removed from primary sources, in that they tend to summarize, describe, analyze or contextualize primary sources.

38
Q

Appropriate sources

A

Academic Journal Articles: collections of research articles put together by publishers representing the scientific community.
- Abstract
- introduction
- method
- results
- discussion
- references/citations
Books: important sources of information for the social science researchers

39
Q

Search Terms

A

Significant words or phrases related to a topic

40
Q

APA

A
41
Q

Critical Thinking

A

To not accept at face value everything you hear, read or see. Asses the merits of the arguments and conclusions that the research is making to determine whether it is appropriate for your purposes.

42
Q

Generalizability

A

Refers to the extent to which findings are applicable to the larger group under study

43
Q

GOODS

A

Generalizability
Old references
Overstating findings
Definition of terms
Sample size

44
Q

Old References

A

Science is an ongoing process where mistakes are seen as valuable and informative. Make decision about which studies are too old to use as supporting references in a social science paper

45
Q

Overstating the Findings

A

Going a-bit overboard on how important their findings are. Be cautiously skeptical when researchers claim that their study “proves” anything

46
Q

Definition of Terms

A

Often only one definition of a concept but social sciences, where the concept can be a bit fuzzier, there can sometimes be different definition.

47
Q

Sample Size

A

With only a sample size of two it is easy to misinterpret reality.

48
Q

CRAAP

A

Currency
Relevance
Authority
Accuracy
Purpose

49
Q

Currency

A

The age of information it provides is an important consideration in evaluating its usefulness

50
Q

Relevance

A

Is the information on this website relevant to both your research question and the intended audience of your paper

51
Q

Authority

A

Who the author of the webpage is. Is that person credible enough to be writing on this topic

52
Q

Accuracy

A

Opinions are not necessarily undesirable in social science research they need to be supported by evidence

53
Q

Purpose

A

Why the website was created and maintained

54
Q

Research Ethics

A

Treating people fairly

55
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Study

A

Shocked his victims and lied to them what the study was about

56
Q

Criticism of the use of deception

A
  1. Lying is immoral
  2. Deception creates untrusting participants
  3. Study may create stress and loss of self-esteem
57
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A
58
Q

Tearoom Trade Study

A

Sociological study of men who have sex with other men in public washrooms.
Purpose: study who these men were and whether they fit the stereotype of gay men. Researcher acted as lookout for the men, took licence plate and tracked their home address and broke into their home

59
Q

Ethic responsibilities to participants

A
  1. Purpose of research
  2. Potential risk
  3. Benefits of participating
  4. Procedures used
  5. Funding research
  6. Payments for research
  7. Participation is voluntary
  8. Confidentiality guaranteed
60
Q

Cyril Burt

A

Studied genetic component of intelligence using identical twins reared apart.
Research Fraud: sample size unrealistically high
Implications: died before accusations were made

61
Q

Diederik Stapel

A

Social psychologist who studied human behaviour and attitude
Research Fraud: made up his data - didn’t actually run experiments
Implications: tarnished the reputation of the field psychology, tarnished reputation of graduate students

62
Q

Louis LaPierre

A

Head of New Brunswick energy institute, a key advocate of fracking.
Research fraud: claimed he had PhD in Ecology, but it was in education
Implications: misrepresented the credentials; he was not qualified to speak on the ecological effects of fracking

Social Science Test #1 (2 decks)

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