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surface mining > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

view from above

A

plan/top view

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2
Q

view from side

A

side view

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3
Q

view from under

A

bottom view

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4
Q

angled view

A

isometric view

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5
Q

what is the bottom point of a bench called?

A

the toe

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6
Q

what is the angle between the pit floor and line drawn to the surface?

A

overall slope angle

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7
Q

what is the point of the bench closest to the middle of the bench called?

A

crest

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8
Q

what is the angle between horizontal and a line between two toes called?

A

interramp angle

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9
Q

purpose of a bench?

A

safety: improve stability and stop/catch material
operational: easier to mine and grade control

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10
Q

face angle and overall slope angle factors

A

geomechanics and economics. steeper is more economical but less safe.

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11
Q

normal face angle

A

55 to 80 degree

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12
Q

which angle changes with mine life?

A

overall slope angle and interramp angle

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13
Q

what is the final bench width?

A

approx 1/3 of the bench height

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14
Q

how can benches in the final pit be different?

A

may have double benches followed by single bench catches of double width

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15
Q

where are berms necessary?

A

where drop offs exist of sufficient grade or depth to cause a vehicle to overturn

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16
Q

how tall must berms be?

A

mid axle height of largest self propelled vehicle which usually travels the roadway

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17
Q

when can you not have berms?

A

infrequently traveled roads

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18
Q

when can you not have berms?

A

infrequently traveled roads

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19
Q

what must you have to not have berms?

A

locked gates and warning signs

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20
Q

typically impact zone width to catch material on a bench?

A

3 to 5 m

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21
Q

what is the strip ratio?

A

amount of waste rock which must be removed per unit ore. or inverse. may be any combination of weight or volume

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22
Q

what is highest typical strip ratio seen?

A

1:10 weight to weight

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23
Q

typical density of unbroken rock

A

2.7 tonne per cubic meter

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24
Q

specific gravity?

A

ratio of density of material to density of water

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25
Q

how much does rock expand when broken?

A

30% is a good estimate

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26
Q

unbroken volume also called?

A

bank volume

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27
Q

3 types of surface mining

A

open pit, strip mining, specialty

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28
Q

features of an open pit?

A

bowl shaped, overburden piled outside the pit in a dump, slopes are stepped/benched

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29
Q

what determines bench height?

A

the equipment used

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30
Q

which cfr title is msha under?

A

30

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31
Q

features of a strip mine?

A

mined in strips, overburden dumped into previously mined strip, for bedded deposits

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32
Q

other types surface mining

A

dredging, highwall mining, suction dredge

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33
Q

dumps are classified according to?

A

material type, location, construction

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34
Q

2 types of low or no economic value dumps

A

overburden and tailings storage facility

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35
Q

dumps that contain value

A

ore stockpiles, heap leach

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36
Q

dump forms

A

valley fill, cross valley fill, side hill fill, ridge crest fill, heaped fill

37
Q

ascending or descending dump build more stable?

A

ascending, small lifts even more so

38
Q

key to blocks on block model

A

economic value

39
Q

block size determiners

A

mining method, data density

40
Q

example block size?

A

one day production

41
Q

example block height?

A

bench height

42
Q

value of a block=

A

revenue-costs

43
Q

what is floating cone method?

A

cone shape of blocks is progressively analyzed through block model. value is net profit

44
Q

3 optimization techniques

A

floating cone, lerchs-grossmann, genetic algorithms

45
Q

keys to road design

A

safety, structural, economics

46
Q

sae recommended braking distance at 20 mph dry, level ground

A

200-400k lbs=125ft
400k+ lbs=175ft

47
Q

stopping distance key factors

A

road condition, weather, grade/slope, equipment size, brake tech, reaction time

48
Q

grade=

A

vertical/horizontal

49
Q

rolling resistance

A

friction of tires, restricts movement, minimizes braking distance and achievable max speed

50
Q

effective grade

A

downhill: grade-RR
uphill: grade+RR

51
Q

typical sustained grades

A

no more than 8-10%

52
Q

mines avoid more than x grades

A

15-20%

53
Q

how to increase sight distance in the vertical

A

flatten vertical curves

54
Q

how to increase sight distance in horiz curves?

A

remove obstructions or widen curves

55
Q

road width on straights

A

lane+berm+drainage

56
Q

lane width

A

single: 2 times largest truck
double: 3-4 times largest truck

57
Q

if berm is made of large boulders?

A

must be same height as tire

58
Q

main berm purpose

A

-visual indication of road
-provide sensation of contact
-provide opportunity to regain control
-keep vehicle back from edge of slope

59
Q

typical drain

A

10 by 2 feet

60
Q

when grass line ditch

A

3-5% grade

61
Q

when rock lined ditch

A

5+% grade

62
Q

road cross slope

A

1/4 to 1/2” drop per foot. 1/4” when slippery

63
Q

change from cross-slope to bank

A

runout

64
Q

___ the speed, ___ the change in cross-slope

A

higher, slower

65
Q

types of escape ramps

A

high rolling resistance material or uphill or berm

66
Q

center berm

A

must be made of fine material, not too far apart

67
Q

4 road layers

A

wearing surface, base, subbase, subgrade

68
Q

which road layer not always needed or used

A

subbase

69
Q

wearing surface material

A

fine crushed rock

70
Q

base surface material

A

coarse crushed rock

71
Q

subbase surface material

A

clean, granular material

72
Q

subgrade material

A

compacted rock or soil

73
Q

typical load distribution for truck

A

1/3 front 2/3 rear

74
Q

increasing TIP

A

improves mpg and puts more pressure on road

75
Q

increase tire load by x for dually

A

20%

76
Q

CBR

A

california bearing ratio

77
Q

good x reduces rolling resistance

A

adhesion

78
Q

in pit pond called

A

sump

79
Q

ponds should

A

settle sediments, offer storm surge capacity

80
Q

infiltration basins

A

send water into groundwater table, discharge less

81
Q

surface runoff design

A

drainage area, max snow/rain, runoff quantity

82
Q

rain to plan for

A

24/48 records, 100 yr records

83
Q

runoff quantity methods

A

rational method and soil conservation service method

84
Q

rational method

A

gives proportion that will runoff

85
Q

law for settling sediments

A

stokes law

86
Q

settlement pond

A

2:1 length to width

87
Q

how many sediments should pond hold

A

3 yrs worth

88
Q

ditch velocity

A

2-3ft/s for sand
5-7ft/s for veg

surface mining (2 decks)

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