test 1 Flashcards

Question

functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

 Performs ventilation and respiration  Acid-base balance  Speech  Sense of smell  Fluid balance

Answer 2

Air travels through the upper respiratory system to the lower respiratory system Upper respiratory system- nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx Lower respiratory system- trachea and lungs

Answer 3

inspiration, expiration, respieration

Answer 4

oNo gas exchange at that site oAnatomical- no oxygenated blood going back to heart oAlveolar- large clot in pulmonary artery, low perfusion

Answer 5

ensures continuous delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the body

Answer 6

oHistory of present illness oFactors that exacerbate or improve symptoms oHealth history- current meds, allergies, past medical history, previous surgeries, family history, occupation/ residence, smoking/ social history, recent travel oPhysical assessment- inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate

Answer 7

Bronchial – loud, high-pitched sounds, hollow, longer during expiration than inspiration Bronchiovesicular- medium pitch and intensity of sounds (tubular), heard anteriorly over primary bronchus from 1st to 2nd intercostal space, 1:1 ratio Vesicular- soft, low pitched gentle sounds, heard over all areas of lungs except major bronchi; 3:1 ratio

Answer 8

Crackles- short discrete, bubbling sound; pneumonia, bronchitis, CHF Wheezes- continuous, musical sounds; bronchitis, emphysema, asthma Friction rub- loud , dry creaking sounds; pleural inflammation

Answer 9

determine oxygenation status

Answer 10

utilizes wavelengths of light to measure saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Answer 11

continuous, monitors pco2 in airway with written tracing

Answer 12

one time, measures co2 exhaled without continuous tracing

Answer 13

don’t need consent, check for microorganisms and/ or abnormal cell growth

Answer 14

don’t need consent, may identify lungs, heart, and pleural space problems

Answer 15

do not need consent, evaluate lung volumes to determine function

Answer 16

need consent, NPO, allows for direct visualization of the respiratory tract down to the level of the secondary bronchi

Answer 17

need consent, NPO, needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove a specimen or excess fluid/ air

Answer 18

- need consent, NPO, small piece of lung tissue removed and analyzed under a microscope

Answer 19

Highly contagious infection rapidly spread; 3 types = A, B, C Pathophys=aerosolization of small droplets from infected individual’s sneezing and coughing. Direct contact with fomites inhaled and deposited on upper respiratory tract epithelial cells Manifestations= more severe than a cold and come on quickly Management- sampling of respiratory secretions for viral culture (10 days to provide confirmation), rapid influenza diagnostic tests, treatment directed toward prevention by annual vaccination

Answer 20

Epidemiology- occurs at any time and at any age, 1/3 occurs in persons over 65 years of age, hospital acquired pneumonia develops after 48 hours of hospital admission Pathophys- inflammation of lung parenchyma from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection Mid to severe clinical manifestations: fever, chills, fatigue, tachypnea/ dyspnea, tachycardia, cough (productive or nonproductive), pleuritic chest pain, myalgia/ arthralgia lab tests- ABG, CBC, sputum culture, CMP, chest xray interventions: incentive spirometer, postural drainage education- hand hygiene, take antibiotic fully

Answer 21

Classification: allergic, non-allergic, acute, chronic Allergic rhinitis treatment- allergy testing, avoidance of allergen, antihistamines (Benadryl, Zyrtec), Decongestants (Mucinex, rubatussin) Non-allergic rhinitis treatment- nasal spray (corticosteroid), decongestants, possibly antibiotics Nursing interventions: vital signs, nasal drainage, administer prescribed medication, educate on use of medications, avoid allergies, preventing spread of infection

Answer 22

Sinus infection Involves inflammation of nasal and paranasal cavities Classified as acute, subacute, and chronic Symptoms: nasal drainage (colored or cloudy), nasal obstruction, facial pain or pressure, weakness, coughing Treatment is based on the cause of infection *Bacterial- antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics, decongestants *Viral- analgesics, antipyretics, decongestants Nursing interventions: vital signs (mainly oxygenation), medications, examining patient for drainage, percuss sinuses, teaching moments: proper med administration, hand hygiene, report worsening symptoms

Answer 23

Condition where the upper airway becomes obstructed during sleep At risk patients include obesity, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, type II diabetics -Symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, observed periods of apnea Treatment/ management- combined treatment (CPAP, weight management, oral appliances), those intolerant of CPAP or oral appliances may require surgical procedures Nursing interventions: vital signs, risk assessment (stop bang), CPAP management, teaching moments: importance of taking prescribed medications, weight management

Answer 24

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the larynx Causes: infection, GERD, environmental pollutants, asthma inhalers, intubation Symptoms: hoarseness, cough, fatigue, postnasal drip  Stridor- extreme airway obstruction (high pitched wheeze) Management/ treatment- rest and humidification, avoidance to smoking or environmental pollutants, bacterial infection: may require antibiotics, hoarseness continues after 5 day- malignancy may be a source Interventions: vital signs, airway assessment, teaching moments- humidification, taking prescribed medications, voice rest, increase fluid intake

Answer 25

Cancerous tissue that resides on the larynx Symptoms: voice changes, persistent sore throat, pain with swallowing, difficulty swallowing and eating, feeling of lump or mass in the neck Cuffed vs uncuffed trachea Treatment/management *Dependence of severity: radiation, chemotherapy, surgery (laryngectomy) *Tracheostomy oCordectomy oPartial laryngectomy oTotal laryngectomy Not able to speak, need tracheostomy At risk for aspiration Interventions: vital signs, airway management, administer prescribed medications, communication strategies, teaching moments: involve family, practice oral hygiene

Answer 26

Trauma that directly involves the larynx Symptoms: dyspnea, dysphagia, hemoptysis Check airway, Diagnosis- inspection with swelling, discoloration Management/ treatment- intubation, maintain airway, surgery *head of bed 45 degrees or greater *NPO Interventions: vital signs, head elevation, humidification, teaching moments: symptoms of obstructed airway, limit talking (voice rest)

Answer 27

Chronic lung disease that affects the bronchial airways Symptoms: wheezing, dyspnea, coughing, increased RR, increased HR, anxiety Inability to speak in full sentences Status Asthmaticus-asthma attack that wont stop Treat with anti-inflammatories and inhaled corticosteroids (bronchodilators) Management/ treatment *Pulmonary function tests oSpirometry- measures airflow and lung volumes oForced expiratory volume- measures the amount of air forced out the lungs after one full inspiration (measured over 1 second) oPeak expiratory flow- measures the maximum flow expired during forced expiration oPulse oximeter *Medications oAnti-inflammatories, corticosteroids, bronchodilators oNebulizer *Control of environmental factors and triggers *Interventions oVital signs, respiratory assessment, tripod position, administer oxygen if needed, purse-lip breathing, teaching moments: importance of medication management, proper inhaler administration

Answer 28

Third leading cause of death Primary cause is smoking Copd combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis Symptoms: increased work of breathing, shortness of breath, barrel chested wheezing Management/ treatment *Pulmonary function tests *Four goals for COPD oAssess and monitor the disease oReduce modifiable risk factors oManage stable COPD oManage exacerbations *Medications oBronchodilators and anticholinergics Nursing interventions: vital signs, assessing respiratory effort and rate, position in semi fowlers, oxygen needed if below 88% *Teaching moments: smoking cessation, medication management, inhaler administration Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema

Answer 29

A genetic chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive, affects glands Survival rate is mid 30s Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, inflammation in nasal passages, repeated lung infections, severe constipation Management/ treatment *Clearing airway secretions (postural drainage/ chest physiotherapy) *Anti-inflammatory *Antibiotics *CFTR modulators *Pancreatic enzymes *Lung transplant Interventions: vital signs, oxygenation, administration of medications, teaching moments: airway clearance techniques, importance of taking medications, nutritional supplements

Answer 30

Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs *Non-small cell *Small cell Symptoms: vary based on advancement of disease : chronic cough, bloody sputum, SOB, wheezing, chest pain, weight loss Management/treatment *Surgical treatment – no metastasis oLobectomy- removing entire lobe of lung oPneumonectomy- removal of entire lung oWedge resection- removal of small section of lobe *Chemotherapy *Radiation *Palliative care Interventions *Vital signs, oxygenation, oxygen therapy, pain control (help them breathe), possible chest tube management, teaching moments- smoking cessation, use of medications

Answer 31

oEpidemiology- potentially life-threatening respiratory infection, 1/3 of world’s population oPathophys- transmitted by aerosolized droplets inhaled from the coughing or sneezing of an infected individual, can remain suspended in air for several hours oMeds- 6 mos to 1 year oClassifications Latent tb infection Primary tb infection Primary progressive tb infection Drug resistant tb oManagement Diagnosis by lab testing, skin test, and chest x-ray Mantoux tuberculin skin test Treatment goal to cure patient and minimize exposure