TEST 1 Flashcards
What are cognitive skills?
an individuals knowledge and mental abilities
What are perceptual skills?
an individuals ability to recognize and discriminate among various sources of perceivable stimuli
What are motor skills?
depends on an individuals quality of movement
Humans learn…
motor skills
Humans do not learn…
movements
motor skills are evaluated by…
the outcome
movements are evaluated…
by how they are produced
Abilities are stable and enduring traits that have been…
genetically inherited or developed during growth
Skills are…
learned, goal directed, entail a broad range of human behaviour
motor skills are…
learned, goal directed, primarily achieved by musculature contributions to action
The four characteristics of motor skills are…
motor equivalence, variability, modifiability, consistency
what is motor equivalance?
using different movements, produced by the same of different parts of the body, to perform a task under different conditions
what is motor modifiablity?
the ability to alter a movement pattern, even as it is being produced
what is motor consistency?
reliability of producing the result/goal
The performance of any motor skill is influenced by…
the individual, task, and environment
what are the degrees of freedom defined as?
the number of individual components in a system and the number of ways each component can vary
What are the three 1D classifications?
Size of the musculature (fine/gross), temporal predictability (discrete/continuous), stability of the environment (closed/open)
the 2D classification system is based on two general characteristics…
the environmental context an individual performs the skill, the function of the action characterizing the skill
what are regulatory conditions? (environmental context)
features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal
what is intertrial variability? (environmental context)
whether the regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to perform the skill to another
what is body orientation? (function of the action)
refers to whether the performance of the skill involves moving the body from one location to another
what is object manipulation?
refers to maintaining or changing the position of an object
what are performance outcome measures?
indicate the result of an action, may or may not be relative to a task goal
what are performance production measures?
measures how systems in the body function during an action
Constant error (CE) measures…
bias in responding
Variable error (VE) measures…
inconsistency in responding
Absolute error (AE) measures…
overall accuracy in responding
RMSE is a measure of…
overall accuracy
Reaction time is a measure of…
the time required to prepare and initiate a movement
what is movement time?
the interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement
what is response time?
sum of reaction and movement time
reaction time and movement time are…
relatively independent performance measures
simple reaction time…
1 choice, 1 response
choice reaction time…
2+ choices, each with a corresponding response
Go/No-go reaction time…
2+ choices, only 1 response
what is kinematics?
study and description of movement without considering the forces that cause the movement (position, displacement, speed, etc…)
what is dynamics/kinetics?
the study and description of the casual processes that produce movement (force and torque)
what is displacement?
the change in spatial position of a limb, joint, or object during a movement
what is velocity?
rate of change in spatial position relative to time
what is acceleration?
the change in velocity during a movement
localization assumption…
if there is a neural mechanism that controls or produces some behavioural attribute, then that mechanism is localized to some specific region or structure
fixed function assumption…
any neural structure or identifiable region that has a particular function (or set of functions) always performs this function (or set of functions) when it is active
photoreceptors respond to…
light
mechanoreceptors respond to…
mechanical energy
chemoreceptors respond to…
certain chemical substances
thermoreceptors respond to…
thermal energy
exteroceptors
involve contact with the external environment
interoceptors
respond to stimulation produced by processes inside the body
proprioceptors
respond to mechanical stimulation
exteroceptive afference is…
afferent signals generated by exteroceptors in response to the external stimulation
proprioceptive afference is…
Afferent signals generated by somatosensory mechanoreceptors in response to internal stimulation
kinesthesis is…
The perception of body position and movement
individual sensory receptors carry 4 different kids of info about their stimulation…
strength, timing, type, location
muscle spindle afferant endings are…
sensitive to muscle length and speed of muscle lengthening
golgi tendon organs are…
muscle force sensors
ventral stream…
what we normally think of as seeing (vision-for-perception)
dorsal stream…
visual control of voluntary action (vision-for-action)
brain damage can…
impair visuomotor skill but leave conscious vision intact, and vice versa
Animals have 4 systems to bring images on the fovea…
saccadic (rapid shift gaze, conjugate), fixation (maintenance of gaze, variable), smooth pursuit system (laterally moving object, conjugate), vergence system (basically cross eyed)
conjugate eye movement…
A coordinated movement of the two eyes in which both eyes move in the same direction at the same time through the same angle
disconjugate eye movement…
a coordinated movement of the two eyes in which the eyes move in opposite direction at the same time through the same angle
Vestibular and Cervical Reflex System
keeps an image steady during head jiggles, bobs, nods and rolls
optokinetic reflex system…
keeps an image steady during steady sustained movements of the head
foveal vision is…
high acuity
peripheral vision has…
low acuity
the retina contains photoreceptors, the rod and cone cells which contribute to…
rods (night vision), cones (photopic vision)
a small region with no photoreceptors is called the…
optic disk and macula
the fovea is a roughly circular depression in the centre of the…
macula
