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Motor Control > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cognitive skills?

A

an individuals knowledge and mental abilities

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2
Q

What are perceptual skills?

A

an individuals ability to recognize and discriminate among various sources of perceivable stimuli

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3
Q

What are motor skills?

A

depends on an individuals quality of movement

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4
Q

Humans learn…

A

motor skills

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5
Q

Humans do not learn…

A

movements

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6
Q

motor skills are evaluated by…

A

the outcome

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7
Q

movements are evaluated…

A

by how they are produced

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8
Q

Abilities are stable and enduring traits that have been…

A

genetically inherited or developed during growth

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9
Q

Skills are…

A

learned, goal directed, entail a broad range of human behaviour

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10
Q

motor skills are…

A

learned, goal directed, primarily achieved by musculature contributions to action

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11
Q

The four characteristics of motor skills are…

A

motor equivalence, variability, modifiability, consistency

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12
Q

what is motor equivalance?

A

using different movements, produced by the same of different parts of the body, to perform a task under different conditions

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13
Q

what is motor modifiablity?

A

the ability to alter a movement pattern, even as it is being produced

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14
Q

what is motor consistency?

A

reliability of producing the result/goal

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15
Q

The performance of any motor skill is influenced by…

A

the individual, task, and environment

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16
Q

what are the degrees of freedom defined as?

A

the number of individual components in a system and the number of ways each component can vary

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17
Q

What are the three 1D classifications?

A

Size of the musculature (fine/gross), temporal predictability (discrete/continuous), stability of the environment (closed/open)

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18
Q

the 2D classification system is based on two general characteristics…

A

the environmental context an individual performs the skill, the function of the action characterizing the skill

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19
Q

what are regulatory conditions? (environmental context)

A

features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal

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20
Q

what is intertrial variability? (environmental context)

A

whether the regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to perform the skill to another

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21
Q

what is body orientation? (function of the action)

A

refers to whether the performance of the skill involves moving the body from one location to another

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22
Q

what is object manipulation?

A

refers to maintaining or changing the position of an object

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23
Q

what are performance outcome measures?

A

indicate the result of an action, may or may not be relative to a task goal

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24
Q

what are performance production measures?

A

measures how systems in the body function during an action

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25
Q

Constant error (CE) measures…

A

bias in responding

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26
Q

Variable error (VE) measures…

A

inconsistency in responding

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27
Q

Absolute error (AE) measures…

A

overall accuracy in responding

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28
Q

RMSE is a measure of…

A

overall accuracy

29
Q

Reaction time is a measure of…

A

the time required to prepare and initiate a movement

30
Q

what is movement time?

A

the interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement

31
Q

what is response time?

A

sum of reaction and movement time

32
Q

reaction time and movement time are…

A

relatively independent performance measures

33
Q

simple reaction time…

A

1 choice, 1 response

34
Q

choice reaction time…

A

2+ choices, each with a corresponding response

35
Q

Go/No-go reaction time…

A

2+ choices, only 1 response

36
Q

what is kinematics?

A

study and description of movement without considering the forces that cause the movement (position, displacement, speed, etc…)

37
Q

what is dynamics/kinetics?

A

the study and description of the casual processes that produce movement (force and torque)

38
Q

what is displacement?

A

the change in spatial position of a limb, joint, or object during a movement

39
Q

what is velocity?

A

rate of change in spatial position relative to time

40
Q

what is acceleration?

A

the change in velocity during a movement

41
Q

localization assumption…

A

if there is a neural mechanism that controls or produces some behavioural attribute, then that mechanism is localized to some specific region or structure

42
Q

fixed function assumption…

A

any neural structure or identifiable region that has a particular function (or set of functions) always performs this function (or set of functions) when it is active

43
Q

photoreceptors respond to…

A

light

44
Q

mechanoreceptors respond to…

A

mechanical energy

45
Q

chemoreceptors respond to…

A

certain chemical substances

46
Q

thermoreceptors respond to…

A

thermal energy

47
Q

exteroceptors

A

involve contact with the external environment

48
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to stimulation produced by processes inside the body

49
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to mechanical stimulation

50
Q

exteroceptive afference is…

A

afferent signals generated by exteroceptors in response to the external stimulation

51
Q

proprioceptive afference is…

A

Afferent signals generated by somatosensory mechanoreceptors in response to internal stimulation

52
Q

kinesthesis is…

A

The perception of body position and movement

53
Q

individual sensory receptors carry 4 different kids of info about their stimulation…

A

strength, timing, type, location

54
Q

muscle spindle afferant endings are…

A

sensitive to muscle length and speed of muscle lengthening

55
Q

golgi tendon organs are…

A

muscle force sensors

56
Q

ventral stream…

A

what we normally think of as seeing (vision-for-perception)

57
Q

dorsal stream…

A

visual control of voluntary action (vision-for-action)

58
Q

brain damage can…

A

impair visuomotor skill but leave conscious vision intact, and vice versa

59
Q

Animals have 4 systems to bring images on the fovea…

A

saccadic (rapid shift gaze, conjugate), fixation (maintenance of gaze, variable), smooth pursuit system (laterally moving object, conjugate), vergence system (basically cross eyed)

60
Q

conjugate eye movement…

A

A coordinated movement of the two eyes in which both eyes move in the same direction at the same time through the same angle

61
Q

disconjugate eye movement…

A

a coordinated movement of the two eyes in which the eyes move in opposite direction at the same time through the same angle

62
Q

Vestibular and Cervical Reflex System

A

keeps an image steady during head jiggles, bobs, nods and rolls

63
Q

optokinetic reflex system…

A

keeps an image steady during steady sustained movements of the head

64
Q

foveal vision is…

A

high acuity

65
Q

peripheral vision has…

A

low acuity

66
Q

the retina contains photoreceptors, the rod and cone cells which contribute to…

A

rods (night vision), cones (photopic vision)

67
Q

a small region with no photoreceptors is called the…

A

optic disk and macula

68
Q

the fovea is a roughly circular depression in the centre of the…

A

macula

Motor Control (1 decks)

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