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test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, lack cell walls, heterotrophic

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2
Q

the biological form of an organism

A

anatomy

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3
Q

the biological functions an organism performs

A

physiology

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4
Q

unrelated organisms evolve similar body forms and adaptations

A

convergence evolution

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5
Q

the four levels of organization

A

cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

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6
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lines body surfaces and cavities

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8
Q

apical surface vs. basal surface

A

dealing with epithelial tissue
apical- exposed to the body cavity or exterior
basal- adjacent to the underlying tissue (underneath apical)

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9
Q

epithelial cell shapes

A

squamous (flattened)
cuboidal
columnar

one cell layer is simple epithelium
2 or more is stratified epithelium

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10
Q

connective tissue

A

binds and supports other tissues
ex:collagen for strength and elastin for elasticity

dense connective tissue is a compact arrangement of collagen fibers to resist stretch

dermis is densely packed bundles of collagen fibers to resist stretch

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11
Q

adipose tissue

A

FAT- consists of adipocytes
-energy storage, insulation and cushioning

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12
Q

cartilage

A

provides structural support and has cushioning properties
ex rib cage, nose, trachea, ends of long bones
-

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13
Q

bone tissue

A

structural support, protection , and mineral storage (calcium)
bone cells- osteocytes

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14
Q

muscle tissue

A

specialized for contraction
muscle fiber cells are elongated and contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin

-skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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15
Q

skeletal muscle

A

responsible for voluntary movement (stratiated muscle)

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16
Q

smooth muscle

A

responsible for involuntary body activities

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17
Q

cardiac muscle

A

responsible for contraction of the heart

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18
Q

nervous tissue

A

functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information
-nervous tissue contains 2 main cell types
-neurons which transmit nerve impulses
-glial cells which support cells

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19
Q

regulator

A

uses internal control methods to moderate internal change in the face of external environment fluctuation

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20
Q

conformer

A

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

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21
Q

endocrine vs. nervous system

A

the endocrine system transmits chemical signals (hormones) to receptive cells around the body through the blood
relatively slow acting but long lasting effects

nervous system transits electric signals between locations
-received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells

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22
Q

negative feedback

A

returns the variable back to the set point or normal range

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23
Q

positive feedback

A

amplifies a stimulus and doesn’t usually contribute to homeostasis
ex-childbirth

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24
Q

thermoregulation

A

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
endothermic vs. ectothermic

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25
Q

heat transfer mechanisms

A

radiation-heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation
conduction- direct transfer of heat from one object to another (hotter to colder objects)
convection-transfer of heat bright fro the movement of liquid or gas
evaporation-heat of vaporization or the amount of energy needed to change them from a liquid to gas phase

26
Q

region of the brain that controls thermoregulation

A

hypothalamus

27
Q

vascular plants have

A

a root system and shoot system

28
Q

root system functions

A

-anchor the plant
-used to absorb water and ions

29
Q

shoot system functions

A

-consists of supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers
-internode, node, leaf, and auxiliary bud

30
Q

meristems are

A

-clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
(like stem cells in animals)

-apical meristems are extensions of shoots and roots
-lateral meristems produce an increase in shoot and root diameter

31
Q

3 main types of meristems

A

-protoderm -forms the epidermis (dermal tissue)
-procambrium -produce primary vascular tissue (transporting food, water, minerals, and hormones)
-ground meristem- differentiates into ground tissue (ex: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

32
Q

lateral meristems are present in plants that exhibit

A

secondary growth - it gives rise to secondary tissues which are called the secondary plant body

-wood plants have two types -
cork cambium produces the outer bark
vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissue

33
Q

roots, stems and leaves are composed of three types of tissue

A

-dermal -on external surface supporting protective functions
-contains guard cells, trachomas, and root hairs
-ground -forms several different internal tissue types and can participate in photosynthesis, storage, or provide structural support
-vascular -conducts water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)

34
Q

epidermis in no woods plants

A
  • the dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis
    -the cuticle is a waxy coating that prevents water loss from the epidermis
    -in woody plants, the periderm replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
35
Q

Parenchyma (type of ground tissue cell)

A

used in storage, photosynthesis, and is the bulk of ground and vascular tissues
-palisade parenchyma are elongated cells below the epidermal tissue
-spongy parenchyma cells occur be;ow palisade cells and have more space in between

contain chloroplasts , adapted for photosynthesis

most typically constites the mesothelioma of the leaf

36
Q

collenchyma cells (type of ground tissue cell)

A

supporting ground tissues- composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
high tearing resistance, providing flexibility

mostly found in leaves and stems

37
Q

sclerenchyma cells (type of ground cells)

A

have have very thick cell walls
found as fibers in wood, bark, leaves, stems
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

38
Q

guard cells

A

specialized epidermal cells that facilitate gas exchange (oxygen,carbon dioxide, water vapor)
guard cells composed the stomata typically found on leaves but can also be found on stems

39
Q

trichomes

A

hairlike outgrowths if the epidermis that keep the leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings

some are granular and secrete substance that stop them from being eaten by herbivore

40
Q

the vascular tissue system

A

facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

xylem & phloem

41
Q

xylem

A

upwards water transport

xylem cells are capable of functioning in structural support and transportation

adhesion and cohesion used

(the straw one)

42
Q

phloem

A

transport organic nutrients, such as glucose, throughout the plant

sieve tube elements cells have few organelles allowing for easier passage of nutrients

contains sieve plates which produce tiny holes the materials needs to pass through, unlike the “straw” xylem with no gaps in between

43
Q

monocot v. eudicot stems

A

major difference is the organization of the vascular tissue system

monocot vascular- bundles are usually very scattered through ground tissue system

eudicot vascular- tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue(pith) and external ground tissue(cortex)

44
Q

vascular tissue and secondary growth

A

in eudicots, a vascular cambium develops between the primary xylem and phloem connecting the ring of primary vascular bundles

in monocot, there’s no vascular cambium so no secondary growth

in eudicots, secondary xylem accumulates as wood and consists of tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers
-earl ywood forms in the spring has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery (apical meristems will produce primary growth)
-late wood formed in the summer has thick walled cells and contributed more to stem support

lateral meristems -vascular cambium and cork cambium will produce secondary growth

45
Q

wood is the accumulation of

A

vascular tissue called xylem

46
Q

three main functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

47
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
integration

48
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything else
network of nerves extending into different parts of the body
carrie’s sensory input to the CNS and motor output away from it

49
Q

cell types in nervous system

A

nerves-conduct nerve impulses
neuralgia (glial cells) surround neurons and support them

50
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory neurons - communicate info about the external and internal environment to the cns
interneurons - integrate sensory input and motor output , makes synapses only with other neurons
motor neurons - convert impulses form the cns to effector cells

51
Q

neuron structure

A

cell body has an enlarged part containing the nucleus
-dendrites short cytoplasmic branched extensions that receive stimuli or signals from other neurons
-axon single long extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses

52
Q

neuroglia

A

provide neurons with nutrients and removes waste

-oligodendrocytes - myelin sheath in cns
-schwann cells - myelin sheath in pns
-schwann and oligo ; in the cns myelinated axons form white matter
-dendrites and cell bodies form gray matter
-in the pns, myelinated axons are bundled to form nerves

53
Q

membrane potential

A

the resting potential is the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals = average is -70mV

changes in membrane potential are called action potentials

54
Q

depolarization

A

some stimuli open Na+ channels- Na+ enters
reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential ; less negative

55
Q

hyperpolarization

A

some stimuli open K+ channels ; K+ leaves the cell
makes inside of the cell more negative

56
Q

action potentials

A

occurs once a threshold of depolarization is reached (-50 to -55mV)
all or non response

at resting potential, most sodium and potassium channels are closed
at action potential,
voltage gated Na+ channels open first, and Na+ flows into the cell-less negative - depolarization
during the rising phase, the threshold is crossed, and the membrane potential increases
-during the falling phase, voltage gated Na{ channels become inactivated, K+channels open and K+ flows out of the cell - hyperpolarization

57
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

voltage gated sodium channels are restricted to nodes of ranvier gaps in the myelin sheath

action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of ranvier in a process called saltatory conduction

58
Q

synapse

A

branches form junctions with the dendirtes of other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells

the neurons who’se axon transmits the action potential is call the presynatpci cell while the receiving is called the postsynaptic cell

end of the presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters

59
Q

calcium channels at the end of the axon

A

when the action potential reaches the end of the axon, it stimulates the oependinngof Ca +2 channels and there’s a rapid influx of Ca +2 into the cell

this causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters

the neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins in the memebrane of the postynaptic cell

60
Q

postsynaptic potentials have two types

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (esps) are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp) are hyperpolarization that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

61
Q

termination of signaling

A

after a response is triggered, the chemical synapse returns to its resting state

the neurotransmitter molecules are cleared from the synaptic cleft by enzymatic digestion, re uptake by the neuron, and uptake by glial cells

62
Q

examples of neurotransmitters

A

GABA is one of the leading inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian CnS . it regulates action potential firing and modifying synaptic strength

glycine

bio 151 (1 decks)

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