test 1 Flashcards

Question

heat transfer mechanisms

Answer 1

radiation-heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation conduction- direct transfer of heat from one object to another (hotter to colder objects) convection-transfer of heat bright fro the movement of liquid or gas evaporation-heat of vaporization or the amount of energy needed to change them from a liquid to gas phase

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Answer 3

a root system and shoot system

Answer 4

-anchor the plant -used to absorb water and ions

Answer 5

-consists of supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers -internode, node, leaf, and auxiliary bud

Answer 6

-clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei (like stem cells in animals) -apical meristems are extensions of shoots and roots -lateral meristems produce an increase in shoot and root diameter

Answer 7

-protoderm -forms the epidermis (dermal tissue) -procambrium -produce primary vascular tissue (transporting food, water, minerals, and hormones) -ground meristem- differentiates into ground tissue (ex: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

Answer 8

secondary growth - it gives rise to secondary tissues which are called the secondary plant body -wood plants have two types - cork cambium produces the outer bark vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissue

Answer 9

-dermal -on external surface supporting protective functions -contains guard cells, trachomas, and root hairs -ground -forms several different internal tissue types and can participate in photosynthesis, storage, or provide structural support -vascular -conducts water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)

Answer 10

- the dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis -the cuticle is a waxy coating that prevents water loss from the epidermis -in woody plants, the periderm replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

Answer 11

used in storage, photosynthesis, and is the bulk of ground and vascular tissues -palisade parenchyma are elongated cells below the epidermal tissue -spongy parenchyma cells occur be;ow palisade cells and have more space in between contain chloroplasts , adapted for photosynthesis most typically constites the mesothelioma of the leaf

Answer 12

supporting ground tissues- composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin high tearing resistance, providing flexibility mostly found in leaves and stems

Answer 13

have have very thick cell walls found as fibers in wood, bark, leaves, stems STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

Answer 14

specialized epidermal cells that facilitate gas exchange (oxygen,carbon dioxide, water vapor) guard cells composed the stomata typically found on leaves but can also be found on stems

Answer 15

hairlike outgrowths if the epidermis that keep the leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings some are granular and secrete substance that stop them from being eaten by herbivore

Answer 16

facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support xylem & phloem

Answer 17

upwards water transport xylem cells are capable of functioning in structural support and transportation adhesion and cohesion used (the straw one)

Answer 18

transport organic nutrients, such as glucose, throughout the plant sieve tube elements cells have few organelles allowing for easier passage of nutrients contains sieve plates which produce tiny holes the materials needs to pass through, unlike the “straw” xylem with no gaps in between

Answer 19

major difference is the organization of the vascular tissue system monocot vascular- bundles are usually very scattered through ground tissue system eudicot vascular- tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue(pith) and external ground tissue(cortex)

Answer 20

in eudicots, a vascular cambium develops between the primary xylem and phloem connecting the ring of primary vascular bundles in monocot, there’s no vascular cambium so no secondary growth in eudicots, secondary xylem accumulates as wood and consists of tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers -earl ywood forms in the spring has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery (apical meristems will produce primary growth) -late wood formed in the summer has thick walled cells and contributed more to stem support lateral meristems -vascular cambium and cork cambium will produce secondary growth

Answer 21

vascular tissue called xylem

Answer 22

sensory input integration motor output

Answer 23

brain and spinal cord integration

Answer 24

everything else network of nerves extending into different parts of the body carrie’s sensory input to the CNS and motor output away from it

Answer 25

nerves-conduct nerve impulses neuralgia (glial cells) surround neurons and support them

Answer 26

sensory neurons - communicate info about the external and internal environment to the cns interneurons - integrate sensory input and motor output , makes synapses only with other neurons motor neurons - convert impulses form the cns to effector cells

Answer 27

cell body has an enlarged part containing the nucleus -dendrites short cytoplasmic branched extensions that receive stimuli or signals from other neurons -axon single long extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses

Answer 28

provide neurons with nutrients and removes waste -oligodendrocytes - myelin sheath in cns -schwann cells - myelin sheath in pns -schwann and oligo ; in the cns myelinated axons form white matter -dendrites and cell bodies form gray matter -in the pns, myelinated axons are bundled to form nerves

Answer 29

the resting potential is the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals = average is -70mV changes in membrane potential are called action potentials

Answer 30

some stimuli open Na+ channels- Na+ enters reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential ; less negative

Answer 31

some stimuli open K+ channels ; K+ leaves the cell makes inside of the cell more negative

Answer 32

occurs once a threshold of depolarization is reached (-50 to -55mV) all or non response at resting potential, most sodium and potassium channels are closed at action potential, voltage gated Na+ channels open first, and Na+ flows into the cell-less negative - depolarization during the rising phase, the threshold is crossed, and the membrane potential increases -during the falling phase, voltage gated Na{ channels become inactivated, K+channels open and K+ flows out of the cell - hyperpolarization

Answer 33

voltage gated sodium channels are restricted to nodes of ranvier gaps in the myelin sheath action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of ranvier in a process called saltatory conduction

Answer 34

branches form junctions with the dendirtes of other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells the neurons who’se axon transmits the action potential is call the presynatpci cell while the receiving is called the postsynaptic cell end of the presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters

Answer 35

when the action potential reaches the end of the axon, it stimulates the oependinngof Ca +2 channels and there’s a rapid influx of Ca +2 into the cell this causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters the neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins in the memebrane of the postynaptic cell

Answer 36

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (esps) are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp) are hyperpolarization that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

Answer 37

after a response is triggered, the chemical synapse returns to its resting state the neurotransmitter molecules are cleared from the synaptic cleft by enzymatic digestion, re uptake by the neuron, and uptake by glial cells

Answer 38

GABA is one of the leading inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian CnS . it regulates action potential firing and modifying synaptic strength glycine