Test 1 Flashcards
The two fundamental, post-WWII challenges that confronted Third World nations
Social economic disparities
i. Lack of national integration
ii. Economic under-development
The four types of political systems
i. Traditional autocracy:
ii. Modernizing autocracy:
iii. Totalitarian system:
iv. Pluralistic system:
Traditional autocracy:
highly personalized relations are key values. Clan or family the top leaders’ right to rule is legitimized by religious values. Saudi Arabia; Iran
Modernizing autocracy:
often result from pressure to change. These models are also characterized by elite rule, but their highest value becomes building state power. President or military officer at the top.
Totalitarian system:
the most authoritative of the systems. The political, economic, and social life of citizens is completely controlled. Sometimes a challenge especially with developing countries. Marxist controlled systems are the most notable example.
Pluralistic system:
Pluralistic (democratic) systems differ appreciably from the totalitarian or authoritarian types. Values include individual freedom, liberty and compromise.
The nine types of insurgencies
Anarchists
eqalitarian
Traditionalist
Apocalyptic-Utopian
Pluralist
Seccessionists
Reformist
Commericalist
Preservationist
Anarchists:
Highly diffuse and individualistic. All authority patterns are unnecessary and illegitimate. Government should be destroyed, but not replaced with anything. No government.
Eqalitarian:
Seek to impose a new system based on the ultimate value of distributional/equality and centrally controlled structures. Post WWII, this was epitomized by violent Marxist groups.
Traditionalist:
They seek to restore a political system from the recent or more distant past. (the good old days) More zealous groups seeking to reestablish an ancient political system that idealize as “golden age”. The greatest threat in the 21st century
Apocalyptic-Utopian:
Some fringe groups include religious cults with political aims. Beliefs center around creation of new world order as the result of an apocalypse predicted by their acts of terrorism. Afterwards, they rule in a utopia.
Pluralist:
These insurgents aim to establish a system that emphasizes the value of individual freedom, liberty, and compromise and in which political structures are differentiated and autonomous.
Secessionist:
Renounce and seek to withdraw from the political community of which they are formally a part. Secessionists have been among the most notable insurgents since WWII.
Reformist:
Non-revolutionary¬. Use political persuasions, both domestic, and international, to achieve their goals, and change specific policy, but they may resort to violence.
Preservationist:
Differ from insurgents in all other categories in that they carry out illegal acts of violence against non-ruling groups and authorities that are trying to effect change.
Commercialist:
Have a narrow tribal or clan basis and are led by self-styled chiefs, warlords. Their main aim is little more that the acquisition of material resources through seizure and control of political power.
The five problems in identifying insurgent movements/goals
i. Changing goals
ii. Conflicting goals
iii. Misleading rhetoric
iv. Ambiguous goals
v. Confusion of ultimate and immediate goals
The three forms of warfare used by insurgents
i. Terrorism
ii. Guerrilla warfare
iii. Conventional warfare
The four broad strategies used by insurgencies
• Conspiratorial:
• Protracted popular war:
• Military focus:
• Urban warfare:
• Conspiratorial:
o small, secret, disciplined, and tightly organized.
o Small group of insurgents control the government. The government institutions remain somewhat intact. The population acquiesces to insurgent control.
• Protracted popular war:
o Must obtain extensive popular support and create a complex organizational apparatus.
o Must engage large numbers of people in order to control the countryside and isolate the urban centers.
o Insurgents wear down the government (three phases) the government slowly becomes weaker over time. The population gives support to insurant.
o Ex. Chinese communists Mao
• Military focus:
o insurgents primarily use military force. Government falls (overthrow). The popular accepts insurgent’s control.
• Urban warfare:
o Insurgents use terrorism against government and population. The government loses credibility and legitimacy. The population becomes alienated from the government.
The transnational strategy of Al Qaeda
Uses the DIME strategy, transnational
