test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
myelincephalon
A
medulla
2
Q
esps (excitatiory postsynaptic potential)
A
Depolarization
3
Q
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
A
hyperpolarization
4
Q
what happens when sodium enters the cell
A
inside becomes less negative
5
Q
what happens when potassium exits the cell
A
inside becomes more negative
6
Q
degredation
A
destruction of NT by an enzyme
7
Q
reuptake
A
NT taken back up
8
Q
agonists
A
drugs that facilitate a response
9
Q
antagonists
A
drugs that block or dampen a response
10
Q
agonistic effects
A
drug casues an increase of NT synthesis
drug increased release of NT
drug acts as ligand and binds to receptor
11
Q
antagonistic effects
A
drug blocks release of NT
drug blocks receptors
drug cause NT to leak from vesicles
12
Q
therapeutic index
A
higher is better
13
Q
microgila
A
brain immune systen
14
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
produce myelin sheath in CNS
15
Q
schwann cells
A
produce myelin heath in PNS
16
Q
multiple sclerosis
A
autoimmune disorder
break down of myelin
only attracts myelin in CNS
17
Q
neurotransmitter
A
chemical released into synapses has excitatory or inhibitory effects on another neuron
18
Q
neuromodulator
A
most are peptides that act like NT
not limited to synapse diffuse through
extracellular fluid
19
Q
ligand
A
chemical that attaches to a receptor
lock and key
NT are natural ligands
drugs can also serve as ligands
20
Q
acetylcholine
A
movement rem sleep memory
21
Q
amino acid NT
A
Gaba
Glutatmate
22
Q
Gaba
A
primary inhibitory NT
23
Q
glutamate
A
primary excitatory NT
24
Q
monoamine
A
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
25
dopamine
movement problem solving reward
26
norepinephrine
fight or flight response
arousal
27
serotonin
regulation of mood dreaming
28
sensory neurons
afferent
input to CNS
29
motor neurons
effrent
output from CNS
30
interneurons
the neurons between located in CNS
31
multipolar neuron
1 axon and many dendrites attached to soma
32
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
functions:
s = sensory
m = motor
b = both
33
sulcus
valleys/grooves on brain
34
central sulcus
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
35
primary visual cortex
1st stop in visual pathways
36
foraman
an opening in the skull
37
ventricles
cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
38
bipolar neuron
1 axon and 1 dendrite attached to soma
39
unipolar neuron
1 axon attached to soma, many dendrites attached to axon
40
glial cells
nerve glue
the support cells for CNS
41
astrocytes
star cell
electrical insulator
structural support
42
tectum
superior colliculus (visual orienting)
inferior colliculus (auditory orienting)
43
tegmentum
reticular formation
sleep, attention, arousal
damage can result in a coma
44
cerebellum
controls rate, range, and force of ongoing movements
45
medulla
controls vital functions
heartbeat, breathing
win a MEDAL at end of race
46
pons
controls fine and subtle movements
facial expressions
47
spinal nerves
leave spinal cord and connect to sensory receptors and muscles
48
efferents
exit
carry motor commands out (away from CNS) to the muscles
49
afferents
carry sensory info towards CNS
50
cranial nerves
provide sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
51
12 cranial nerves
olfactory
optic
occulomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory
glossopharangeal
vagus
spinal accessory
hypoglossal
52
olfactory
smell
53
optic
vision
54
occulomotor
eye movement
55
trochlear
eye movement
56
trigeminal
face sensations and chewing
57
abducens
eye movement
58
facial
face movement and taste
59
auditory
hearing
60
glossopharangeal
swallowing and taste
61
vagus
speech and body sensations
62
spinal accessory
neck muscles
63
hypoglossal
tongue movements
64
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olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, auditory, glossopharangeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
65
temporal lobe
auditory processing (hearing)
visual processing
language processing
66
primary auditory cortex
1st place sound is processed
67
frontal lobe
language
motor processing
68
primary motor cortex
sends motor commands to muscles via brainstem
69
executive functions
planning, decision making, self-monitoring, inhibition
allows us to control thoughts
animals don't plan for future
located in prefrontal cortex
like CEO of brain
unique to frontal lobe
70
limbic system
"our emotional brain"
evolutionary older than cortex
buried under cerebral cortex
key structures: hippocampus, amygdala, mammillary bodies
71
hippocampus
explicit memory formation
72
amygdala
emotion
73
mammillary bodies
memory
74
basal ganglia
located deep in brain
controls movement
substantia nigra
75
substantia nigra
produces dopamine
degenerates in Parkinson's Disease
76
thalamus
ball in middle of brain
sensory relay
lateral geniculate nucleus
medial geniculate nucleus
77
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
vision
78
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
audition
79
hypothalamus
basic needs = the four F's
feeding, fighting, fleeing, falling for someone
80
gyrus
bumps on brain
81
longitudinal fissure
separates L and R cerebral hemispheres
82
cortex
made up of neurons
83
gray matter
cell bodies
information processing takes place
84
white matter
axons
information transmission takes place
85
2 major white matter tracts
corpus callosum
internal capsule
86
tract
a bundle of group of axons in the CNS
87
corpus callosum
2 sides communicate
connects L to R
always above ventricles
88
internal capsule
connects top to bottom
brainstem and cortex communicate
89
2 deep grooves
central sulcus
lateral fissure
90
lateral fissure
sets off temporal lobe
91
occipital lobe
vision
primary visual cortex
calcarine sulcus
92
calcarine sulcus
bisects primary visual cortex (V1)
93
parietal lobe
touch processing from body (skin)
primary somatosensory cortex
visual/visiospatial processing
sensory integration
processing numbers
94
primary somatosensory cortex
aka post-central gyrus
located behind central sulcus
95
central sulcus
separates parietal lobe from frontal lobe
96
cerebralspinal fluid
clear, water-like fluid that fills the ventricles
entire surface of CNS bathed by CSF
produced by choroid plexus
produced and reabsorbed
provides nutrients to neutral tissue
supports brain (buoyancy)
protects brain (cushions)
97
choroid plexus
travels from lateral ventricle to third ventricle to fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct to all the way around spinal cord and outside brain to meninges
98
ventricular system
multiple ventricles connected
lateral, interventricular foramen, third, cerebral aqueduct, fourth, cerebellomedullary cistern
99
hydrocephalus
more production than absorption of CSF
pressure and enlargement of the ventricles
100
brain hierarchy
forebrain
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
midbrain
- tectum
-tegmentum
hindbrain
-metencephalon
-myelincephalon
101
telencephalon
cortex
limbic system
basal ganglia
102
diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
103
metencephalon
cerebellum
pons
104
Descartes
humans and animals are like machines
developed 1st model to explain how the brain controls movement
105
central nervous system
brain
spinal cord
106
peripheral nervous system
nerves
ganglia
107
ganglia
cluster of cell bodies
108
nuclei
group of cell bodies
109
skull
has variety of openings
protects brain
110
meninges
layers of tissues
acts like a PAD
pia mater
arachnoid membrane
dura mater
protects brain
111
pia mater
"soft mother"
delicate
follows contours
112
arachnoid membrane
"spider web-like"
thin
web like
113
dura mater
"tough mother"
thick
fibrous
114
foraman magnum
"a great hole"
the largest hole in our skull
where the brain stem exits outside of the skull
115
cerebrospinal fluid
between arachnoid and pia
the subarachnoid space
116
brain vs. computer
brain arithmetic poor, facial recognition excellent
computer arithmetic excellent, facial recognition poor
brain parallel processor
computer serial processor
117
hippocrates
brain is seat of thoughts and emotions
118
luigi galvani
electric stimulation of nerve = movement
119
johannes muller
doctrine of specific nerve energies
all nerves are electrical impulses
parts of the brain interpret the impulses differently
120
herman von helmholtz
1st to measure speed of nerve conduction
