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Intro to Philosophy Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Argument

A

the process of reasoning from one claim to another

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2
Q

Premise

A

the principle upon which an argument is based, AKA the starting point of an argument

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3
Q

Logic

A

the study of the rules of valid inferences and rational arguments, AKA a sense of order

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4
Q

Rhetoric

A

the persuasive use of language to convince other people to accept your beliefs

-the study of the art of persuasion

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5
Q

Inductive Arguments

A

a process of reasoning in which the characteristics of an entire class or set of things is inferred on the basis of an acquaintance with some of its members. even though the conclusion is supported by the premises, it does not follow necessarily from the premises and its truth is not guaranteed by them.

-the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion but it makes it likely to be true

Example: the first lipstick I pulled from my bag is red, the second lipstick I pulled from my bag is red, therefore all of the lipsticks in my bag are red.

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6
Q

Deductive Arguments

A

a process of reasoning from one principle to another by means of accepted rules of inference.a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, so if you are certain of the premises you can be sure of the conclusion too.

-the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

Example: All dogs have ears, golden retrievers are dogs, therefore they have ears

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7
Q

Valid

A

refers to an ARGUMENT that correctly follows agreed upon rules of inference. always applies to arguments, not statements.

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8
Q

Sound

A

refers to an argument whose premises are true and that is valid

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9
Q

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

A

A is necessary and sufficient for B when A is both logically required and enough to guarantee B (A if and only if B)

Example: Without water and oxygen (A) there would be no human life (B)

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10
Q

Reductio ad Absurdum

A

a form of argument in which one refutes a statement by showing that it leads to self-contradiction or an intolerable conclusion (trying to prove a claim by showing that the opposite is absurd)

Example: “If I walk under the ladder I will have bad luck.” “So if you walk under the ladder you will become homeless, get a disease and break your leg?”

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11
Q

Fallacies

A

an apparently persuasive argument that is really an error in reasoning; an invalid argument

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12
Q

Begging the question

A

merely restating as the conclusion of an argument as one of its premises. for example, “why do oysters give me indigestion?” “because they upset my stomach.”

-a fallacious argument where the truth of the conclusion is assumed in the premises

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13
Q

Argument from Ignorance (fallacy)

A

You haven’t disproven X, therefore I have a reason to believe that X is true. BUT just because something hasn’t been disproven, that doesn’t necessarily mean it is true.

-you haven’t disproven ghosts so i have a reason to believe in ghosts

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14
Q

Law of Non-Contradiction

A

Nothing can have a property and lack it at the same time and in the same way. (Something can’t be both X and not X at the same time, and in the same way) If the law was false we wouldn’t even survive or act.

Example: A car approaching you would, if the law were false, be both coming and not coming, so you would step out into the street and get run over.

Your coffee cannot be both hot and not hot at the same time in the same way

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15
Q

Objective Truth

A

there is one truth that is the same for all regardless of what or how we think about it.

Example: the shape of the earth. the earth is a globe whether you chose to believe it or not.

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16
Q

Relative Truth

A

truth is not objective, but is relative to something (individuals or societies)

Example: it’s relative to the truth but it’s problematic, almost like saying well this is my truth so I believe it

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17
Q

Theist

A

belief in an all-good, all-powerful (omnipotent), all-knowing (omniscient), present everywhere (omnipresent), transcendent (God is independent of the world), and personal God.

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18
Q

Atheist

A

the belief that there is no god.

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19
Q

Agnostic

A

Gods existence cannot be determined by humans

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20
Q

The Traditional Conception of God

A
  1. Omnipotent- all-powerful
  2. Omniscient- all knowing
  3. Omnipresent- god is everywhere
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21
Q

Deism

A

belief in a creator of the world alone, but rejects theism

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22
Q

Pantheism

A

God is identical to the natural world (the world is god)

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23
Q

Transcendent God

A

is not based on human characteristics.

24
Q

Anthropomorphic God

A

is based on human characteristics

25
Q

Argument of analogy

A

arguing two things are similar, what is true of one is true about the other.

Ex: there might be life on eurpoa because it has oxygen and water like earth

26
Q

Argument against relativism

A

If it is objectively true, then relativism is self-contradictory. (Why?: because the claim is objectively true, and this contradicts what the statement asserts—i.e., the claim states that there are no objective truths, so how could it be objectively true?)

If it is relatively true, then no evidence can support it: that is, whatever you believe to be true really is true for you (since truth is relative to individuals)—so why should you accept the claim at all? In fact, why would anyone try to convince another person of anything if all truth is relative?

27
Q

Wisdom

A

religious belief is an attitude about the world that is different from science. religious belief is not true or false it’s just an attitude about the world

28
Q

Einstein

A

he rejects a personal god, we should think of god as a cosmic religious feeling

29
Q

Nishitani

A

religion is the personal meaning that we give our existence

30
Q

Ontological argument

A

God is the greatest conceivable being, or a perfect being, and thus God must exist.

31
Q

Ontological Argument Problems

A

the argument can also prove the existence of the greatest conceivable island; and it doesn’t prove the greatest conceivable being, or perfect being, is the theist’s god.

32
Q

Cosmological Argument

A

the existence of the world requires a cause, and so there must be an uncaused cause of the world

33
Q

Cosmological Argument Problems

A

who caused god? and it doesn’t prove that the uncaused cause is the theist’s God

34
Q

Teleological (design) Argument

A

the world resembles a watch, and watches are designed, so the world must be designed.

35
Q

Teleological Argument Problems

A

universe would seem to resemble a plant more than a watch; and it doesn’t prove the designer is the theist’s God

36
Q

The Problem of Evil

A

if god is all good and all powerful why is there so much suffering

37
Q

Free-Will Defense

A

God gave us free will, which allows us to commit evil

38
Q

Free-Will Defense Problems

A

this defense only applies to accounts of human evil but not natural evil. humans cause evil but nature (natural disasters cause natural evil too)

39
Q

Knowledge Defense

A

Evil is necessary to know what good is

40
Q

Knowledge Defense Problems

A

God could have given us the knowledge of what’s good and what’s evil initially rather than us having to experience it

41
Q

Soul Making Defense

A

evil is necessary to develop our souls

42
Q

Soul Making Defense Problems

A

it’s an unjust system

43
Q

God’s Ways are Mysterious

A

we don’t know the answer to the problem of evil since we don’t know God

44
Q

God’s Ways Are Mysterious Problems

A

so how can we even know God exists then?

45
Q

Buddhism holds_______

A

that compassion is the only answer to the problem of evil

46
Q

William James’ Pragmatic Argument

A

believing in god is rational if it doesn’t conflict with our other beliefs and if it tends to lead us into better lives

47
Q

Pascal’s Pragmatic Argument

A

you are better off believing in God since it is in your self-interest to believe

48
Q

Pascal’s Problems

A

God wouldn’t be happy that our motivation for belief was just to personally benefit ourselves

49
Q

Mystical Experience of God

A

a non-rational knowledge of god that can’t be described in language

50
Q

Mystical Experience of God Problems

A

these experiences cannot be verified by other people

51
Q

Kierkegaard

A

reason can’t prove god’s existence, but it must be accepted as a “leap of faith”

52
Q

Tillich

A

god is a symbol of the ultimate concern of humans

53
Q

Nietzsche

A

religion is a rationalization of the valueless and meaningless state of modern life

54
Q

Marx

A

religion is an escape from intolerable social conditions

55
Q

Freud

A

religion is the psychological need for a parent figure who will protect us

Intro to Philosophy Test 1 (1 decks)

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