Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Method/Knowledge
A
Rules of evidence for collecting data
2
Q
Ontology
A
What is real in the world, what exists, what we know
3
Q
Epistemology
A
Philosophy concerned with nature, source, and legitimacy of knowledge
4
Q
Reasoning
A
Rules of logic
5
Q
Realism
A
World exists regardless of our beliefs
6
Q
Determinism
A
Identify causes of phenomena, disease, etc.
7
Q
Empiricism
A
Using evidence
8
Q
Scepticism
A
Questioning the truth
9
Q
Positivism Paradigm
A
Type of research with observations, induction, hypotheses, theories
10
Q
Post Positivist Paradigms
A
Falsification
11
Q
Pragmatism
A
Avoids speculation about things like “the Truth question”
12
Q
Hypothesis
A
Statements that specify a relationship between 2 variables and then develop into theories
13
Q
Theories
A
Clarify the relationship between observations and hypotheses
14
Q
Quantitative
A
Emphasizes data results to solve problem of research
15
Q
Qualitative
A
Emphasizes values, perceptions, personal relationships
16
Q
Which concepts of knowledge are the most important in health research?
A
Ontology and epistemology
17
Q
__________ is a type of ontology
A
Realism
18
Q
________________ helped develop the scientific method
A
Positivism Paradigm
19
Q
What is the perception of the subject matter(s) in quantitative research?
A
Reductionist, identification operational definition of specific variables
20
Q
What is the perception of the subject matter(s) in qualitative research?
A
Holistic; persons in the contest of their social environment
21
Q
How do quantitative researchers position their work?
A
Objective, precise, measurement of variables
22
Q
How do qualitative researchers position their work?
A
Subjective close personal interaction with participants
23
Q
What is the layout of theories in quantitative research?
A
Explaining causal relationships among variables
24
Q
What is the layout of theories in qualitative research?
A
Interpretive; providing insights into the nature and social contexts of personal meanings
25
How are theories tested in quantitative research?
Controlled empirically, supporting or falsifying hypotheses
26
How are theories tested in qualitative research?
Consensual; matching researchers interpretation with those of participants and other observers
27
How is quantitative research applied to the health field?
Prediction and control of health related factors in applied settings
28
How is qualitative research applied to the health field?
Interacting with persons in a consensual value-consonant fashion in health care setting
29
Research Planning
Selecting appropriate strategies and data collection techniques to answer question test the hypotheses
30
What would need to be done to understand previous knowledge as well as ethical and economical factors related to a research question?
Literature review
31
What is the structure of a research paper?
- Title/Abstract
- Introduction
- Method/Design
- Apparatus and Procedure
- Results
- Discussion
- References/Appendices
32
What key words in an article title could lead you to think that it's a qualitative study?
Focus groups, effects, attitudes
33
How would one determine the results in a quantitative study?
Inferential analyses
34
How would one determine the results in a qualitative study?
Descriptive statistics or narrative
35
What are the types of research questions?
- Exploratory
- Predictive
- Interpretive
- Comparative
- Relationship-based Questions
36
Exploratory Research Question
Investigate a problem, but not sure of results
37
Predictive Research Question
Collects data to predict something
38
Interpretive Research Question
Investigating an event or social reality
39
Comparative Research Question
Experimental research/causal relationship
40
Relationship-based Research Question
Correlations; seeks link between two items
41
What are the characteristics of exploratory research questions?
- Grounded theory
- Focus on what, not why
- Usually quantitative
- Focus groups
42
What is an example of a exploratory research question?
"Is obesity a problem in children between 5-10 years old?"
43
What is an example of a predictive research question?
"Does a good teacher evaluation predict student success?"
44
What is an example of a interpretive research question?
"Influence of dating violence on adolescent girls' educational experience"
45
What is an example of a comparative research question?
"Compare 65 and up men and women reasons to not get a COVID vaccine booster"
46
How does one choose sampling for their research?
Identify the population and then determine a subset as the sample
47
Incidental Sampling
A method of sampling in which the researcher takes the most conveniently available cases
48
Quota Sampling
Using set number of X and Y participants to guide random drawing
49
Random Sampling
Process of selecting cases from a population such that each member of the population has had an equal chance of selection
50
Stratified Random Sampling
A type of sample in which the researcher wishes to ensure that important subgroups and their representation are preserved in the sample
51
Area Sampling
A type of sampling procedure in which the units of the sample are where people live or work, rather than who they are
52
What is an example of stratified random sampling?
When a researcher randomly selects of 50 men and then 50 women, the sample has been stratified for gender
53
Systematic Sampling
Sampling procedure in which a researcher goes through a list and selects Xth person to participate in the study
54
Purposive Sampling
Inviting people to participate in the study due to chosen characteristics
55
What are the types of purposive sampling?
- Extreme/deviant case sampling
- Maximum variation sampling
- Snowball/chain sampling
- Theory-based sampling
56
What type of sampling is used in qualitative research?
Purposive sampling
57
Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling
Selecting respondents from both ends of a spectrum relating to a certain experience
58
Maximum Variation Sampling
Selecting respondents across all categories and severities relating to a certain experience
59
Snowball/Chain Sampling
Assumes people share similar important experiences might become aware of each other in a community; key informants would help researchers find appropriate participants for the research
60
Theory-Based Sampling
Selecting participants based off a guiding theory
61
Population Validity
Extent to which a sample reflects the characteristics of a population from which it's drawn
62
Ecological Validity
Extent to which the results of a study may be generalized to the real world
63
How else may population validity may phrased to ask?
Is it specific for all cases/participants?
64
How else may ecological validity may be phrased to ask?
Who's doing the procedure and where? Same resources
65
Ethics
Systems of moral principles that guide human action
66
How is ethics applied in health research?
Examines how research should be conducted so that the best interests of the participants and the public are in mind.
67
Deontology
Individuals should be treated as an end in themselves
68
Utilitarianism
Greatest good for the greatest number of people
69
What is the difference between philosophy and codes in health research?
Philosophy = essential; but doesn't determine what type of behavior in research is right or wrong
Codes = more direct statements that can be relevantly applied to research
70
Nuremberg Code
A response from the Nuremburg War Crime Trials that form the foundation of basic principles to guide the conduct during research
71
Declaration of Helsinki
Declaration forming the development of research ethics principles and processes
72
What are the key ethic principles in research?
- Informed consent/self-determination
- Plain language statements
- Scientific excellence and quality
- Minimizing risk/harm to participants
- Confidentiality/privacy
- Conflict of interest to reviewer
- Independent review
73
Informed Consent/Self-Determination
Participant(s) willingly choose to participate in a study and know all risks and benefits from their participation; may also drop at any time
74
Plain Language Statements
Research explains in plain language to the participants the goals of the research and what will exactly happen to them if they choose to participate
75
Scientific Excellence and Quality
Research must be done to ultimately serve the better good and has not already been answered (unless to verify results)
76
Minimizing Risk and Harm to Participants
Effort must be taken to minimize any risks and harms in a research study to the maximum extent as possible
77
Confidentiality
Concerned with ensuring that people's private information is not disclosed as a result of their participation in a study
78
Conflict of Interest to Researcher
Conflicts of interests must either be disclosed or eliminated in research
79
Independent Review
Outside group must evaluate the ethical considerations of a research proposals before it can proceed
80
What are the economic issues taken into account for research planning?
- Availability of participants
- Availability of equipment
- Availability of expertise
- Availability of time
81
What question is asked when a researchers considers availability of participants to investigation?
Are there enough people to volunteer for the study under the required conditions?
82
What question is asked when a researchers considers availability of equipment to investigation?
Is the equipment needed too expensive?
83
What question is asked when a researchers considers availability of expertise to investigation?
Do we have experienced, unbiased staff?
84
What question is asked when a researchers considers availability of time to investigation?
What factors may impact our timeline?
85
Ethics Review of Research
Group of specified individuals to oversee research proposals to determine any ethical issues
