TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the quantity of matter contained in an object?
A
MASS
2
Q
Mass of an object has ____ but not ___
A
magnitude
direction
3
Q
Which component is unchanged regardless of its state? Weight vs Mass
A
Mass
4
Q
What is the force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity?
A
WEIGHT
5
Q
Kinetic energy associated with ___ & ___
A
Mass & Speed
6
Q
Potential Energy associated with ___ & ____
A
mass & position
7
Q
Electrical energy is when ___
A
electron moves through an electrical potential
8
Q
Which energy is produced by an acceleration of a charge?
A
Electromagnetic energy
9
Q
Which type of energy is done when an electron moves through electrical potential difference
A
Electrical energy
10
Q
Rank the types of EM radiation from shortest to longest wavelength
A
cosmic rays - gamma rays - x/rays - UV light - visible light - infrared light - microwaves - radiowaves
11
Q
Rank the types of ionizing radiation from most to least energy
A
Cosmic rays - gamma rays - x/rays - UV light
12
Q
Which type of EM radiations have highest frequency?
A
Cosmic rays
13
Q
Which type of EM radiation has high frequency?
A
Ionizing
14
Q
Ionizing radiation has :
____ wavelength
____ frequency
____ energy
A
Short
High
High
15
Q
What is EM WAVE equation? How are the components related to each other
A
c = f (λ)
f & λ are inversely proportinal
16
Q
What is the wave-particle duality of radiation?
A
Wave & particles are interchangeable, depending on their interaction with other matters.
17
Q
What is the equation for particle theory?
A
E = h (f)
18
Q
Visible light behaves like a _____
A
wave
19
Q
What is the difference b/w radiopaque and radiolucent
A
Radiopaque absorbs x-ray (metals,bone)
Radiolucent transmit x-rays (Tissues)
20
Q
Rank the appearance of these structures on x-ray from radiolucent to radipaque
-bones, gas, tissue, metal, fat
A
gas - fat - tissue - bone - metal
21
Q
Calculate the frequency of a gamma ray which has a wavelength of 8.10 𝑥 10 ―9 m
A
f = c/λ
f = 3 x 10^8 m/s / 8.10 x 10^-19m
f = 0.37 x 10^17 Hz
22
Q
An X-Ray photon has a frequency of 8𝑥1012 Hz. Find its energy in eV.
A
E = h x f
E = (4.135 x 10^-15 eV/s) (8x10^12Hz)
E = 33.08 x 10^-3 eV
23
Q
. Calculate the energy in eV of an X-Ray photon that has a wavelength of 14 𝑥 10 ―15 m:
A
f = c/λ
f = 3 x 10^8 m/s / 14x 10^-15m
f= 2.14 x 10^ 22 Hz
E = h x f
E = 8.85 x 10^7 eV
24
Q
Every units has two parts: ___ & ___
A
magnitude and unit
25
What are the 4 quantities in radiologic science?
1. absorbed dose
2. exposure
3. effective dose
4. radioactivity
26
Which quantity described the induction of biological effects of radiation on human and animals?
What is the customary and SI unit?
Absorbed dose
RAD / Gy
27
Which quantity described the amount of radiation received by radiation workers?
What is the customary and SI unit?
Effective dose ( dose Equivalent )
REM / Sievert (Sv)
28
Which quantity described the intensity of radiation?
What is the customary and SI unit?
Exposure
Roentgen / C/kg
29
What is the customary and SI unit for radioactivity ?
Curie / Becquerel
30
If an atom has a shortage of electrons, which type of ion is this?
cation
31
If an atom has an excess of electrons, which type of ion is this?
Anion
32
An element can be an ___ and an ___ at the same time
ION
Isotope
33
What happened in ionization?
an electron is ejected creating an ion pair
34
What happened in excitation?
Electrons move to higher energy level of same atom
35
What is the antimatter is being described here: same mass as proton, but opposite charge?
antiproton
36
What is the antimatter is being described here: same mass as neutron, neutral charge
antineutron
37
What is the antimatter is being described here: same mass as an electron, but opposite charge
Positrons
38
If the K-shell of W has 69.5 kEV, how much energy is needed to eject electron?
69.5 kEV or more
39
Find the # of protons & neutrons for 14-C?
p: 6
n: 8
40
# of orbital shells = ____ on periodic table
Rows
41
# of orbital shells for:
Ba: __
I: ___
C:___
As: ___
6
5
2
4
42
List the mass number for protons, neutrons, and electrons
1.673 x 10 ^-27 kg
1.675 x 10 ^-27kg
9.1 x 10^-31kg
43
A radiographer's dosimetry report is expressed in ___
mSv
44
According to basic principles of radiation protection, a radiographer should minimize _____
TIME
45
In isotope, what subatomic particle remained the same
Protons
46
In isobar, what is remained the same
atomic mass number
47
Atoms in each period have the same # of ____
electron shells
48
Atoms in each group have the same # of ____
electrons in outermost shell.
49
What is a nucleon?
Proton & neutron within the nucleus
50
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy P shell?
72
51
What is the maximum number of electrons permitted in these shells, accordingly?
K ,L ,M ,N, O ,P
2,8,18,32,50,98
52
On the periodic table, the atomic number is equivalent to ____ of an element
# of protons
53
Isotones have same number of ____
neutrons
54
132-Xe & 131-I are which iso__?
Isotones
55
The vertical groups of the periodic table containing elements with:
same number of valence e-
56
What is electron binding energy
minimum energy required to eject an electron from an atom.
57
What is the rule to determine # of electrons in particular shell?
2n^2
58
If n=1, which shell is it?
K shell
59
Alpha particles are emitted from ____
nuclei of heavy elements during process of radioactive decay
60
Which particles of particulate radiation contain 2 protons & 2 neutrons?
ALPHA
61
Which particles of particulate radiation have electrons that are emitted from within the nuclei of radioactive atoms?
BETA PARTICLES
62
Alpha or Beta particle is heavier?
Alpha
63
Which particles of particulate radiation that will not interact as strongly with their surrounding, but will penetrate matter at a greater depth?
BETA PARTICLES
64
Which particles of particulate radiation is more ionizing?
Alpha
65
Which particles of particulate radiation can be absorbed by ordinary paper?
ALPHA
66
Alpha particles are considered as ___ source of radiation if emitted from a radioisotope in lungs.
They can be considered as ___ source of radiation when they lose energy and penetrate less
internal
external
67
Rank the ionization ability of different types of radiation from least to most
Gamma - Beta - Alpha
68
Rank the penetrating power of different types of radiation from least to most
Alpha - Beta - Gamma
69
Alpha particles can be stopped by which material?
a. paper
b. aluminum
c. lead
Paper
70
Beta particles can be stopped by which material?
a. paper
b. aluminum
c. lead
Aluminum
71
Gamma rays can be stopped by which material?
a. paper
b. aluminum
c. lead
LEAD
72
Particles with a mass approximately equal to that of a proton but with no charge is ___
neutron
73
Nuclei of hydrogen atoms is ___
proton
74
Helium nuclei with 2 protons & 2 neutrons is ___
Alpha particle
75
What is decay?
nuclear process caused by nuclear instability and results in release of nuclear energy
76
What is radioactive decay?
transformation of one nuclear species into another
transformation of mass into energy
77
What do isotopes do to maintain stability?
release extra energy
78
Can you predict when a radioactive atom will decay?
NO because it is a random phenomenon
79
What is radioactivity?
ability of nuclides to emit ionizing radiation while decaying at a constant, uncontrollable rate.
80
What is half life?
time it takes for half of atoms to decay
81
What type of radioactivity can be produced through cosmic radiation?
Natural occuring radionuclides (radium)
82
What type of radioactivity is made by irradiation of stable form of nuclides?
Artifical
83
What are the two decays of radioisotopes?
beta and positron emission
84
What of the following members of the EM spectrum has the ability to ionize matter?
a. x-ray
b. radiowaves
c. microwaves
d. UV light
A
85
A diagnostic x-ray photons has a frequency of 2.42 x 10^19 Hz. What is its wavelength
1.24 x 10^-11m
86
A photon has a wavelength of 3 x 10^-12m. What is its frequency?
1 x 10^20 Hz
87
What are produced from an unstable nucleus? (3)
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays
88
How much activity will remain in a dose of 20mCi 99m-TC after 24hours? (half-life of 99m-TC is 6hours)
1.25 mCi
89
Parent isotope undergo ____ _____ to produce daughter isotopes and ____ to regain _____
radioactive decay
particles
stability
90
In beta emission, neutron is transformed into ___ (4)
a proton, electron (beta particle), and neutrino + energy
p + e + v + energy
91
What kind of decay mode is in beta emssion?
Isobaric decay mode
92
What does it mean by isobaric decay mode in beta emission ?
parent and daughter are isobars (same number of atomic mass)
93
What is the decay scheme for beta emission?
decay to the right because atomic # increased by 1
94
What are the problems with beta particles? (3)
1. detection & measurement
2. can only penetrate small thicknesses
3. difficult to detect from inside body
95
Beta decay results in a daughter nucleus that is still in an excited or _____ state. What does it need to do to next?
metastable
decays to a more stable state by emission of gamma ray
96
What is transmutation?
transformed of one element to another by nuclear reaction
97
Which of the following emission does not result in transmutation?
a. gamma
b. beta
c. positron
d. alpha
A
98
How many gamma emission can occur before it reaches its ground state?
more than one
99
What is isomeric transition?
decay of metastable state by emission of gamma ray
100
How does the nucleus decays in metastable radionuclides?
transfer energy to an orbital electron and then got ejected
101
What radionuclide is important in nuclear medicine due to their long lifetimes and ability to separate them from parent nuclide
metastable
Technitium-99m
102
What is being transformed and what are produced in positron emission?
proton is transformed into neutron, positron, neutrino and energy
103
What kind of reaction is involved in positron emission that results in production of two 0.511 MeV photons ?
annihilation reaction
104
What is annihilation reaction in positron decay?
positron collides with atoms to produce TWO 0.511 MeV photons
105
What is decay scheme for positron emission
to the left because atomic # decreased by 1
106
How many photons are produced per decay event
2
107
What is electrostatics?
distribution and redistribution of charged electrons that are fixed or at rest
108
What are the 5 laws of electrostatics
1. repulsion - attraction
2. coulomb
3. distribution
4. concentration
5. movement
109
What happened to charges in Repulsion-Attraction Law? creating _____
like charges repel
opposite charges attract
electrostatic force
110
What relationship does Coulomb law describes?
relationship of force between two charges
111
What is the equation for Coulomb Law
F = k (q1xq2)/ d^2
112
What is the electric constant (k) in coulomb law
9 x 10^9 N m^2/C^2
113
[Coulomb law]
The force b/w two charges is ____ to product of their magnitude
The force b/w two charges is ____ to the square of distance b/w them
directly proportional
inversely proportional
114
[Distribution Law]
Describe the charges inside a conductor vs nonconductor
In a conductors, the charges are on the external surfaces
In a nonconductors, the charges are equally throughout.
115
[Distribution]
Electrons can obtain maximum distance from each other when ____
they attempt to repel each other in a conductor
116
[Concentration Law]
Where can we see the greatest concentration of charges?
where the curvature is sharpest
117
{movement law]
Is positive or negative charged move along solid conductors?
negative
118
What is electrification
process of electrons charged being added to or substracted from an object
119
Electrification can be created from ___ (3)
friction, contact, induction
120
What is required to maintain electrification?
incoming voltage
121
What is ground potential
an object that is always available to accept electrical charges
(The Earth)
122
What is electrification by induction?
When a strong & weak charged object are close, electrical fields begin to act before contact occurs
123
higher voltage = ____
higher potential to do work
124
what is electrodynamics
electric charges in motion
125
What keeps electrical charges apart
insulators
126
Gas is ___ insulator, ____ conductor
GOOD
POOR
127
What is semiconductor? ex?
behaves as insulator and conductor
silver & germanium
128
What is electric current?
movement of CHARGE CARRIERS in a substance
129
What are 2 forms of charge carriers in electric current
Electrons
Ions & atomic nuclei
130
CONVENTIONAL Electric current is going from ___ to ___ poles.
Electron flow is going from ___ to ___ poles
positive to negative
negative to positive
131
What is electric current measured in?
amp
132
1 Coulombs/sec = ____
Ampere (A)
133
Milliampere causes ____
# of electrons and xray photons produced to vary
134
What is potential difference
force or strength of electron flow
V= I x R
135
Potential difference convert ___ energy to ____ energy
electrical
mechanical
136
What are resistors
substances whose conductivity is changed by impurities
control of current flow
137
The better a resistor conducts, the ____ its resistance
lower
138
Increased resistance = ___ electric current
decreased
139
Increased resistance = ____ flow of current
decreased
140
Increased Ohms = ___ resistance. Is it easier or more difficult for current to flow?
increased . more difficult
141
What is desired setting in an electrical system
Low resistance/ Low ohms
142
Why an ideal setting for electrical system is low resistance/low ohms
resistance convert electrical energy into heat --> energy is wasted
143
What is the quantity that measures the reduction of electric current through a device
Resistance
144
What is the measure of amount electric charge transferred per unit time
current
145
What is electromotive force (EMF)
current flows when there is electrostatic charges
primary force that cause electrical devices to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
146
What are the two types of currents
Alternating
Direct
147
If EMF is doubled, then ____
current is doubled
148
If resistance is doubled, then ____
current is cut in half
149
What is electric circuit
a path for electrons to flow
150
What is series circuit
current thru each circuit element = total circuit current
151
[parallel circuit]
Adding more resistance = ____ total resistance in circuit
decreased
152
If there are more branches added to the circuit, what happened to the total current?
increased because of Ohm's law.
Lower resistance = higher current
153
What is magnetism
ability of a materials to attract metals
154
What are the two factors that manifest electromagnetic force?
magnetism & electrostatics
155
Describe what happened when a charged particle is in motion
create magnetic force field perpendicular to motion
156
3 classification of magnets
natural
artifical
electromagnetics
157
What are natural magnets? can it be controlled?
earth, lodestone
CANNOT be controlled
158
What are artificial permanent magnet?
horseshoe, bar, magnetic compass
159
What are electromagnets?
temporary magnets produced by means of electric current
ex: solenoid containing an iron core
160
4 magnetic states of matter
Non-magnetic
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
161
Which of the four magnetic states of matter is weakly repelled from both poles?
a. Non-magnetic
b. Diamagnetic
c. Paramagnetic
d. Ferromagnetic
b. Diamagnetic
162
Which of the four magnetic states of matter is weakly attracted from both poles?
a. Non-magnetic
b. Diamagnetic
c. Paramagnetic
d. Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
163
The atoms in ____ materials lined up and produced a magnetic force
ferromagnetic
164
How is a magnetic field created
rotation of electrons on axis clockwise or counterclockwise
165
Electron orbit created small magnet called ____
magnet dipole
166
Magnetic domains are created when ____
magnetic dipoles form groups of aligned atoms.
167
An accumulation of dipoles where all are aligned in same direction is _____
domains
168
Dipoles have groups of atoms with their net magnetic field moving ____ direction
same
169
What is the difference between non-magnetized and magnetized material?
Non-magnetized material have domains in a random state of disorder, whereas magnetized material have domains aligned in order, where poles face the same direction
170
What are flux lines?
lines of force flow through magnet to outside of magnetic material
171
What SI unit is used to measure strength of magnetic field?
Tesla ( T)
172
Tesla measured _____ of the magnetic field
strength
173
Increased flux lines = ____ attraction (magnetic field)
increased
174
What are the 3 laws of magnetism
1. like repel, opposite attract
2. every magnet has 2 poles
3. force of attraction or repulsion directly with strength of pole / inversely with square of distance between them .
175
Change in magnetic field produce ____
a current
176
What is magnetic induction
material becomes magnetized by temporary orientation of dipoles
177
the magnetic field surrounding the conductor can be intensified by ___ & intensified further by adding ____
turning the magnetic field into a coil (solenoid )
IRON core to the coil (electromagnet)
178
What is electromagnetic induction?
moving a conductor through a magnetic field produced an electrical current in that conductor.
179
Is Iron a magnetized or non-magnetized material
non-magnetized
180
Electromagnetism consists of ___ (2)
electricity (current)
magnetic field (magnetism)
181
Define electromagnetism
a form of energy resulting from an electric and magnetic disturbance in space
182
What is solenoid
coil of wire wrapped around an iron core
183
how to adjust/change the magnetic field?
change current through its coil of wire
184
4 ways to increase the voltage
1. Make the conductor into a coil and pass it through a magnetic field
2. increased # of coils
3. increased strength of the magnetic field
4. Increased speed with which conductor is passed through magnetic field
185
Describe an Electric generator (Dynamo)
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
ex: water through a DAM, steam by burning fuel, wind turning a windmill
186
Describe electric motor
convert electrical energy to mechanical energy through magnetic induction
187
Describe transformers
changes the intensity of alternating voltage and current through electromagnetic induction
