Test 1 Flashcards
What is Evolution ?
Change in allele frequencies over time
What is Phylogeny ?
Representation of evolutionary relationships
What is a theory ?
Scientific explanation towards a concept of interest. Includes evidence, data, etc.
What is a population ?
Group of interacting individuals of a single species.
Why is it so hard to make a vaccine for HIV ?
HIV rapidly mutates and jumps.
Why was AZT thought to be a cure ?
Results in non-functional pieces of vDNA
How are there are already MDR versions of bacteria ?
Some MDR bacteria are present from the very beginning of treatments
What type of parasite is HIV ?
Intracellular parasite
How does HIV differ from a normal cell ?
HIV has no:
DNA
Enzymes for transcription/ translation, mutation repair
Ribosomes
No mitochondria
How does HIV survive ?
It must use your cells to carry out its lifecycle
How does HIV replicate ?
Uses your cells and does the necessary work it needs to do in order to replicate itself
What is virion ?
A virus that binds to your cells
What type of cells will virions bind to ?
cells with specific receptors
Where within the human body are the cells located that HIV likes to bind with ?
Cells within the immune system
What are the two specific cell types that HIV binds with ?
Macrophages and T cells.
What do Macrophage cells do ?
Attack bacterial infections
What do T cells do ?
Distinguish between non vs self and triggers your immune memory
What is the first step of HIV
It MUST bind to the CD4 receptor and co-receptor.
What are the receptors called on Macrophages and T cells ?
CD4 receptor and co-receptor
What is the second step of HIV
Fusion/binding allows the viral RNA and enzymes to enter the host cell.
What is Step 3 in HIV
HIV’s RNA gets used as the template to build a complementary DNA sequence (vDNA)
What is the normal flow of info ?
DNA —> RNA —> protein
What is the process for RNA —> DNA
Reverse transcription
What is step 4 of HIV
VDNA sequence info gets transcribed & translated by the CD4 cells enzymes & ribosomes
Why is there so much genetic variations among virions
Consistent mutations
How do we use phylogeny to predict next years influenza virus ?
We look at the evolution of the virus how it may jump
What is an example that does not prove evolution
Change in the distribution of a trait
What is heritability
An estimate of the proportion of variation in a trait between individuals in a population
Is weight an evolution or environmental change ?
Environmental change
Is blood sugar a evolution or environmental change ?
Evolution
What homology ?
Structural similarity between species despite differences in function
Define law of succession ?
Observation that fossil types are succeeded in the same geographic area, by similar fossil or living species
