Test 1

Question 1

What is Evolution ?

Answer 1

Change in allele frequencies over time

Question 2

What is Phylogeny ?

Answer 2

Representation of evolutionary relationships

Question 3

What is a theory ?

Answer 3

Scientific explanation towards a concept of interest. Includes evidence, data, etc.

Question 4

What is a population ?

Answer 4

Group of interacting individuals of a single species.

Question 5

Why is it so hard to make a vaccine for HIV ?

Answer 5

HIV rapidly mutates and jumps.

Question 6

Why was AZT thought to be a cure ?

Answer 6

Results in non-functional pieces of vDNA

Question 7

How are there are already MDR versions of bacteria ?

Answer 7

Some MDR bacteria are present from the very beginning of treatments

Question 8

What type of parasite is HIV ?

Answer 8

Intracellular parasite

Question 9

How does HIV differ from a normal cell ?

Answer 9

HIV has no:

DNA

Enzymes for transcription/ translation, mutation repair

Ribosomes

No mitochondria

Question 10

How does HIV survive ?

Answer 10

It must use your cells to carry out its lifecycle

Question 11

How does HIV replicate ?

Answer 11

Uses your cells and does the necessary work it needs to do in order to replicate itself

Question 12

What is virion ?

Answer 12

A virus that binds to your cells

Question 13

What type of cells will virions bind to ?

Answer 13

cells with specific receptors

Question 14

Where within the human body are the cells located that HIV likes to bind with ?

Answer 14

Cells within the immune system

Question 15

What are the two specific cell types that HIV binds with ?

Answer 15

Macrophages and T cells.

Question 16

What do Macrophage cells do ?

Answer 16

Attack bacterial infections

Question 17

What do T cells do ?

Answer 17

Distinguish between non vs self and triggers your immune memory

Question 18

What is the first step of HIV

Answer 18

It MUST bind to the CD4 receptor and co-receptor.

Question 19

What are the receptors called on Macrophages and T cells ?

Answer 19

CD4 receptor and co-receptor

Question 20

What is the second step of HIV

Answer 20

Fusion/binding allows the viral RNA and enzymes to enter the host cell.

Question 21

What is Step 3 in HIV

Answer 21

HIV’s RNA gets used as the template to build a complementary DNA sequence (vDNA)

Question 22

What is the normal flow of info ?

Answer 22

DNA —> RNA —> protein

Question 23

What is the process for RNA —> DNA

Answer 23

Reverse transcription

Question 24

What is step 4 of HIV

Answer 24

VDNA sequence info gets transcribed & translated by the CD4 cells enzymes & ribosomes

Question 25

Why is there so much genetic variations among virions

Answer 25

Consistent mutations

Question 26

How do we use phylogeny to predict next years influenza virus ?

Answer 26

We look at the evolution of the virus how it may jump

Question 27

What is an example that does not prove evolution

Answer 27

Change in the distribution of a trait

Question 28

What is heritability

Answer 28

An estimate of the proportion of variation in a trait between individuals in a population

Question 29

Is weight an evolution or environmental change ?

Answer 29

Environmental change

Question 30

Is blood sugar a evolution or environmental change ?

Answer 30

Evolution

Question 31

What homology ?

Answer 31

Structural similarity between species despite differences in function

Question 32

Define law of succession ?

Answer 32

Observation that fossil types are succeeded in the same geographic area, by similar fossil or living species