test 1 Flashcards
chemical drug name
only one name for each med.
name comes from ingredients
father of modern pharm
John Jacob Abel
therapeutics
focuses on disease prevention as well as treatment and pain
pharmotherapy
application of drugs for treating and alleviating pain
biosimilar drugs
close but not equivalent to the name brand
generic drug names
only one drug name
less complicated and easier to remember
bioavailability
amount of drug that enters systemic circulation and reaches the target organ or tissue
-dependent on dose, form (how body absorbs) or metabolsim
-fastest way is thru IV
mm to cm
1cm is equal to 10 mm
cm to m
1 meter is equal to 100 cm
m to km
1 km is equal to 1000 meters
mcg to mg
1mg is equal to 1000 mcg
mg to g
1 g is equal to 1000 mg
kg to g
1 kg is equal to 100 g
mL to L
1 L is 1000 mL
dL to L
1 L is 10 dL
lbs to kg
1 kg is 2.2 lbs
tsp to mL
5 mL Is 1 tsp
Tbsp to mL
15 mL is 1 Tbsp
oz to mL
30 mL is 1 oz
c to mL
240 mL is 1 c
milliequivilant (mEq)
measures the ability of a substance to mix w another substance
when you convert small to large you
move the decimal to the left
converting large to small
move decimal to right
black box warnings
dangerous possible effects
4 phase therapeutic
preclinical investigation
clinical investigation
review of new drug app
post market surveillance
withdrawl
physical discomfort felt by individual when substance isn’t used
schedule 1 drug
highest potential for abuse
schedule V drug
least potential for abuse
teratogenic
has potential to effect un born child
X- unsafe
A- safest
pharmacokinetics
how the body handles meds
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
absorption
movement from site of administration , across body to circulation
distribution
transport of drug from circulation to body tissue. effected by blood flow
metabolism
chemically converts drugs so it can be easily removed from body
first pass effect
drug absorbed- goes to liver- metabolizes- leaves liver- distributed to general circulation
primary site of excretion
kidneys
enterohepatic recirculation
some drugs excreted in bile. recirculates. prolongs activity- could lead to toxicity
drug plasma concent
concent of med at target tissue
length of time needed to decrease drug concent by one half
half life.
the greater half life, longer it takes to excrete
loading dose
higher amount of drug given, quickly produces therapeutic effect
pharmacodynamics
how a med changes the body
therapeutic index
measure of drug safety
*Higher value, safer drug
potency
dose needed to produce effect
-higher potency, lower therapeutic
efficacy
magnitude of maximal response that can be produced by particular drug
drug attaches to receptor:
alpha or beta
agonist
limit receptor
parcial agonist
weaker, less effective response
antagonist
occupy receptor, doesn’t activate. no response
6 rights
Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
3 checks
Check 1- check time of admin, name and dose against MAR
Check 2- checking meds w MAR after attained and before going to patient room
Check 3- check MAR 3 times ensuring right patient is about to receive right med
Nurse practice acts
Defines a nurses scope of practice and responsibility
Unit dose medication
One time dose. Packaged individually
Multiple dose system
Holds more than one dose
Automated medication dispensing
Computer operated storage and dispensing Device need for medication and supplies
they are locked in drawers
you need ID to access
Who do you see if you have a question about medication
Pharmacist
Who do you ask you a question about an order
The provider
Medication reconciliation
Get a list of every single med patient takes at home
Healthcare contributing to med errors
Failing system check
Failing to take into account for the patience variables like their age
Giving meds based on verbal orders or phone
Giving meds for incomplete order
Practicing under stressful work
 patient contributing to med errors
Taking drugs prescribed by several practitioners
Getting prescription filled at more than one pharmacy
Not refilling meds
Taking meds and correctly
Taking leftover meds from something else
Taking someone else’s meds
Investigating errors
What happened, why and what can we do from doing it again
Reporting a documenting med errors
Must be documented in med record
Must have a report what happened record given to hospital
This is coordinated by FDA
Sentinel
Unexpected occurrence involving death or harm
Always investigated
RCA (root cause analysis) intervention
Reducing med errors- assessment
Assess food and med allergies
Assess current health concerns
Assess use of OTC and herbal supplements
Review recent lab test
Assess liver, kidney and other body functions
Review recent physical assessment findings
Identify need for education
Strategies for reducing meds- planning
Avoid abbreviations
Question unclear orders
Ask patient to demonstrate understanding
strategies for reducing meds- implementation
be aware of distractions
confirm patient swallowed med
be alert for meds that look and sound alike
verify 2 patient IDs
calculate correctly
record on MAR as soon as given
strategies for reducing meds- evaluation
assess for patient outcome
determine adverse effects
adverse effect
effect that shouldn’t be happening from a med
side effect
expected from meds
what to have for med order
patient idetifying info
date and time order was written/ e entered
name of med
med dosage
route of admin
freq. and time of med
prescribers name and credentials
name of person transcribing order
ways meds can be write
handwritten
electronically
verbal/ phone only in emergency
STAT order
immediately
standard order
prewritten, standardized
DR has to individualize base on patient need
PRN
med as needed
prescription needs to contain on it:
superscription, inscription, subscription, signature
med labels contain
brand/trade name
chemical and generic drug name
national drug code- 10 digits
form of med
route of admin
dosage strength
lot number and exp date
other info: warnings, usual dosage, storage
MAR contains
demographics, allergies, date, time of admin, med info, ID of person administering,
tablets
chewable, coated, efferyescent, modified release, multilayer, soluble, troche, lozenge
capsule
immediately acting, delayed/extended release
granule
small particle has active ingrediant
liquid meds
solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixers, syrups
measuring oral liquids
oral syringe, dropper, cylindrical spoon
injections
skin, subcut, muscle, vein
syringes
hyper-dermic
1 mL also called TB
insulin in units. only for insulin
reconstitution
volume of diluent added to reconstitute a med is not always equal to reconstituted volume because the powder adds volume. a filter needle or IV is needed
make sure to write expiration date and amount of diluent added and final concent of med
suppositories
medications that are mixed in a base of glycerin or cocoa butter and are administered rectally or vaginally
troches, pastilles, lozenges
dissolve in mouth
syrups
med in thick, sweetened, flavored base
elixirs
med mixed in base of water and alcohol
suspensions
undissolved particles of med suspended in oil or water base. must be shaken throughly
solutions
med in a sterile base of water or saline. usually meant to be administered thru vein or tissue
caplets
coated, elongated tablets
ac
before meals
pc
after meals
ad lib
as desired
iv
intravenous
subcut
subcutaneously
IM
intramuscular
ID
intradermal
SL
sublingual
IVP
intravenous push
IVPB
intravenous piggyback
PEG
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
NG
nasogastric
PR
per rectum
PO
per os (by mouth)
supp
suppository
NPO
nothing by mouth
b.i.d
twice daily
t.i.d
three times daily
q
every
q2hr
every 2 hours
q4hr
every 4 hours
gtt
drop
ER
extended release
SR
sustained release
CR
controlled release
g
gram
mg
milligram
kg
kilogram
mcg
microgram
tsp
teaspoon
NKA
no known allergies
NKDA
no known drug allergies
common abbreviations not too use
> , <, @, cc, q.d
