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PHIL 2003 - Critical Thinking > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are the ______ of arguments

A

Propositions are the elements of arguments

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2
Q

Arguments have….

A

propositions as elements and structures

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3
Q

Why is having good reasons for your beliefs important?

A
  1. Truth: more likely to be true
  2. Survival: promote survival better
  3. Stability: greater psychological stability
  4. Responsibility: shows the characteristics of a person with good morality
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4
Q

How do arguments relate to reasons of belief?

A

An argument may be understood as an expression of a reason for belief

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5
Q

A good argument expresses a…

A

good reason for belief

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6
Q

A bad argument expresses a…

A

bad reason for belief

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7
Q

What does an argument consist of?

A

a conclusion and premises

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8
Q

Propositions in an argument are called ______. What does it express?

A

Premises of an argument

Propositions
1. expresses the main thing you are being asked to believe
2. expresses the reason being given for believing it
and

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9
Q

What can be true or false?

A

a proposition

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10
Q

Atomic Proposition is…

A

a proposition that includes no other proposition as a constituent (element)

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11
Q

What is the following an example of?

“The sun is shining.” “My shirt is black.”

A

An atomic proposition

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12
Q

Molecular proposition is…

A

A proposition that includes at least one other proposition as a constituent (element)

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13
Q

What is the following an example of?

“The sun is shining, and my shirt is black.”

A

Molecular proposition

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14
Q

What are the four types of molecular propositions?

A
  1. Conjunctive
  2. Disjunctive
  3. Conditional
  4. Negative
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15
Q

Conjunctive proposition…

A

p and q

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16
Q

Disjunctive proposition…

A

p or q

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17
Q

Conditional proposition…

A

p, q

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18
Q

Negative proposition…

A

not p

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19
Q

What is the following an example of?

“The sun is shining and my shirt is black.”

A

Conjunctive proposition

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20
Q

What is the following an example of?

“Harry loves Jim or Chris does.”

A

Disjunctive proposition

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21
Q

What is the following an example of?

“If Xian is going to the movies, I am too.”

A

Conditional Proposition

22
Q

What is the following an example of?

“Elizabeth II is not the US’s head of state.”

A

Negative proposition

23
Q

In a conditional proposition, what are the p and q called?

A 
p = antecedent
q = consequent
24
Q

What is a logical operator?

A

A word in a molecular proposition that indicates the way in which the truth value of the proposition depends on the truth value of the constituent proposition.

25
Q

What are the 4 logical operators?

A
  1. Conjunction: “and”
  2. Disjunction: “or”
  3. Implication: “if”
  4. Negation: “not”
26
Q

p and q

true … true

A

true

27
Q

p and q

true … false

A

false

28
Q

p and q

false … true

A

False

29
Q

p and q

false … false

A

false

30
Q

p or q

true … true

A

true

31
Q

p or q

true … false

A

true

32
Q

p or q

false … true

A

true

33
Q

p or q

false … false

A

false

34
Q

if p q

… true true

A

true

35
Q

if p q

… true false

A

false

36
Q

if p q

… false true

A

true

37
Q

if p q

… false false

A

true

38
Q

not p

… false

A

true

39
Q

not p

… true

A

false

40
Q

The antecedent of a true conditional proposition is a ______ for its consequent

A

sufficient condition

41
Q

The consequent of a true conditional proposition is a _____ for it antecedent

A

necessary condition

42
Q

Where is the sufficient condition?

“If today is Monday, Dave will be having pasta.”

A

“If today is Monday”

43
Q

Where is the necessary condition?

“If you passed the course, you wrote the final test.”

A

“you wrote the final test”

44
Q

What are the other 4 ways a conditional proposition can be expressed?

A
  1. q if p
  2. p only if q
  3. unless q, not p
  4. in order for p, q
45
Q

What is a categorical proposition?

A

Can be translated into conditional propositions and asserts something about all members of a given category

46
Q

3 examples of categorical propositions…

A
  1. All A’s are B’s = If something is A, it is B
  2. Every A is a B = If something is A, it is B
  3. No A’s are B’s = If something is A, it is not a B
47
Q

What are argument indicators?

A

words or phrases that typically signal the presence of premises or conclusions

48
Q

Argument indicators for premises

A

since, for, because, given that, after all

49
Q

Argument indicators for conclusions

A

So, therefore, thus, hence, it follows that, implies, entails

50
Q

What is the structure of an argument?

A

it is the way in which the argument’s premises are intended to support its conclusion

PHIL 2003 - Critical Thinking (1 decks)

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