Test 1 Flashcards
Primary prevention
the prevention of disease
Secondary prevention
early screening and detection of disease.
Tertiary prevention
the restoration of health after illness or disease has occurred.
health promotion
activities and preventive measures that contribute to an individual’s state of optimal health.
Should begin with the clinician.
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Nonmodifiable means the risk factors cannot be changed in any way.
Nonmodifiable risk factors include sex, age, and genetic/family history.
Because these factors are nonmodifiable, early and aggressive identification of all risk factors should be done so that these patients can make any possible changes in the modifiable risk factors in order to have a more favorable outcome.
Modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors include weight, diet, social habits, lifestyle choices, and stress.
health literacy
as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic information and services needed to make appropriate decisions regarding their health
Many instruments are available to assess a person’s level of health literacy:
o Newest Vital Scale (N V S) instrument;
o Test of Functional Health literacy in Adults (T O F H L A); and
o Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Short Form (R E A L M-S F).
Three major government initiatives that have had great impact on health promotion in the United States are
o National Prevention Strategy
o Healthy People 2020
o The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
The National Prevention Strategy
a comprehensive plan that describes evidence-based and achievable means for improving health and well-being for all Americans at every stage of life.
The goal of the NPS is to transform us from a system of sick care to one based on wellness and prevention.
NPS goals
Committed to 4 strategic directions of the NPS:
o Health and Safe Community Environments
o Clinical and Community Preventive Services
o Empowered People
o Elimination of Health Disparities
Seven Priorities are identified to reduce the burden of the leading causes of preventable death and major illness: o Tobacco-Free Living o Preventing Drug Abuse and Excessive Alcohol Use o Healthy Eating o Active Living o Injury and Violence-Free Living o Reproductive and Sexual Health o Mental and Emotional Well-being
Healthy People 2020
Over the course of the decade, the four foundation health measures will be used to monitor progress toward promoting health, preventing disease and disability, eliminating disparities, and improving quality of life.
Health protection
Health protection is defined as those interventions that are related to the environment made by regulatory bodies to protect a large population group.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (U S P S T F)
composed of private sector experts who make recommendations to the health-care community regarding clinical prevention strategies.
The U S P S T F meets and reviews scientific evidence for each of the current health-care screening guidelines as well as preventive medications, immunizations, and counseling and makes recommendations.
what is the best example of primary health promotion
Immunizations
Health Promotion Model
and
Health Belief Model
Health Promotion Model
Developed by Nola Pender. Pender’s model focuses on three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes. The theory notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavior specific knowledge and affect have important motivational significance. The variables can be modified through nursing actions.
Health Belief Model
Key elements of the Health Belief Model focus on individual beliefs about health conditions, which predict individual health-related behaviors. The model defines the key factors that influence health behaviors as an individual’s perceived threat to sickness or disease (perceived susceptibility), belief of consequence (perceived severity), potential positive benefits of action (perceived benefits), perceived barriers to action, exposure to factors that prompt action (cues to action), and confidence in ability to succeed (self-efficacy).
Factors of the health belief model that impact decision to take action
- Cognitive-perceptual factors = include items such as importance of health, perceived control of health, and perceived barriers to health-promoting behaviors.
- Modifying factors = include biological characteristics, situational factors, and demographic characteristics.
Prevalence rate
The prevalence rate refers to the number of cases of a particular disease at a particular point in time divided by the percentage of the population at a point in time.
The prevalence rate does not distinguish between new and old cases.
Incidence rate
The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease diagnosed at a point in time (example, 1 year).
Epidemic
Epidemic is defined as the presence of an event (illness or disease) at a much higher than expected rate projected on the basis of past history
Endemic
Endemic is the term used when the presence of an event is constant at or about the same frequency as expected based on past history
Pandemic
A pandemic is defined as the presence of an event in epidemic proportions affecting many communities and countries in a short period of time.
Evidence Based Practice
refers to using findings from the systematic review and appraisal of the most reliable studies to provide the best evidence for making decisions about healthcare in combination with the practitioner’s clinical expertise and practice-based knowledge, as well as the patient’s preferences
AHRQ
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
the mission is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of healthcare for all Americans
AHRQ clinical practice guidelines are used not only as references for healthcare providers but also the framework for insurance utilization review, quality assurance and reimbursement
Level One Evidence
Systematic Review or Meta-analysis of RCT
- highest level of evidence to base a change in practice
- searches all RCTs that address similar clinical questions