test 1 Flashcards
what is the definition of nursing?
promotion of health, prevention of illness, collaborative care.
“ the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and population”
what does it mean for nursing as a professional discipline?
1.well defined body of specific and unique knowledge
2.strong service orientation
3. recognized authority by a professional group
4. code of ethics
5. professional organization that sets standards
6 ongoing research
what are the QSEN competences (quality and safety education for nurses)
- patient-centered care work
- teamwork and collaboration
- quality improvement
- safety
- evidence based practice
- informatics
nursing goals #1
promoting health- identifying, analyzing, and maximizing each patient’s individual strengths as components of preventing illness, restoring health, and facilitating coping with disability or death
nursing goal #2
preventing illness- educational programs in areas such as prenatal care, smoking cessation programs, and stress reduction seminars. community programs and resources encouraging healthy lifestyle. literature, tv, radio, or internet information on healthy diet, exercise, and good health habits. health assessments in institutions, clinics, and community settings that identify area of strength and risk for illness.
nursing goal #3
restoring health- preforming assessments that detect illness. referring questions and abnormal findings to other health care providers, as appropriate. providing direct care to the person who is ill. collaborating with other healthcare providers in providing care. planning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks, arthritis, and strokes. working in mental health and chemical dependency programs.
as well as facilitating coping with disability and death- hospice programs, patient teachings, referral to community support systems
what are interrelated roles of nurses?
care giver, communicator, teacher, education, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
what are factors affecting health?
genetic inheritance, cognitive abilities, educational level, race & ethnicity, age & gender, developmental level, lifestyle environment, socioeconomic status
what are professional nursing organizations?
American nurses association (ANA)
National league for nursing (NLN)
American association of colleges oh nursing- commission on collegiate nursing education
National student nursing association
what are the guidelines for nursing practice?
standards of nursing practice, nurse practice acts and licensure,
nursing process- one of the major guidelines for nursing practice -helps nurses implement their roles -integrates art and science of nursing -allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning -defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
what are the framework of nursing theory?
theory: group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality- can be tested, changed, or used to guide research
concepts: abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality- conceptual framework or model
what is deductive reasoning?
examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas.
what is inductive reasoning?
builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas
what is a general system theory?
theory for universal application: break whole things into parts to see how they work together in systems.
what is adaptation theory?
adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment.
what is developmental theory?
orderly and predictable growth and development.
what is the environmental theory (Nightingale,1860)?
a theory that utilizes the environment of the patient to assist in the recovery.
what is nursing need theory (Henderson 1955)?
theory that focuses on the need to increase patients independence and meet their individualized basic needs.
what is cultural care theory (Leininger, 1978)?
theory that emphasize culturally congruent and competent care.
what is theory of human caring (Watson,1979)?
Theory that emphasizes on the interpersonal caring relationship and environment between patient and nurse.
what are the goals of theoretical framework?
- holistic patient care
- individualized care to meet needs of patient care
- promotion of health
- prevention of treatment or illness
what are the benefits of nursing theory?
- directs nurses toward common goal
- leads to improved patient care
- provides rational and knowledge reasons for nursing actions
- give nurses knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions
- helps resolve current nursing issues
- prepares nurses to question assumptions and values
- serves research, education, and practice
what is evidence based practice ?
- problem solving approach to making clinical decisions using the best evidence available
- blends both the science and the art of nursing so that the best patient outcomes are achieved
- may consist o specific nursing interventions or may use guidelines established for the care of patients with certain illnesses, treatments, or surgical procedures
- the use of EBP mandates the analysis and systematic review of research findings
what is health?
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
what is wellness?
an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
what is disease?
a medical term, referring to pathologic changes in the structure or function of the body or mind
what is illness?
the unique response of a person to a disease: an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
what is acute illness?
generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time
EX: appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, common cold
what is chronic illness?
a broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health.
- usually has a slow onset and may have periods of remission and exacerbation(become worst)
EX: diabetes mellitus, lung disease, arthritis, lupus
what are the factors influencing health disparities?
racial and ethnic groups, poverty, gender: age, mental health, educational level, disabilities, sexual orientation, health insurance and access to health care.
what are factors affecting health and illness?
basic human needs, the human dimensions, self concept, risk factors for illness or injury
what is a physical dimension?
genetic inheritance, age, development level, race, gender.
what is emotional dimension?
how the mind affects body function and responds to body conditions
what is intellectual dimension?
cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences
what is environmental dimension?
Housing, sanitation, climate, pollution of air food, and water
what is sociocultural dimension?
economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture
what is spiritual dimension?
spiritual beliefs and values.
what is the primary step of health promotion and illness prevention?
direct toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury
EX: immunizations, family planning services, poison control information, and accident prevention education
what is the secondary step to health promotion and illness prevention?
focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found.
EX: assessing children for normal growth and development and encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision exams.
what is the tertiary step to health promotion and illness prevention?
begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning.
EX: teaching patients with diabetes how to recognizes and prevent complications, using physical therapy to prevent contractures in a patient who has a stroke or spinal cord injury and referring women to a support group after a breast removal.
what is a belief model (Rosenstock)?
concerned with what people perceive to be true about themselves in relation to their health.
-modifying factors for health include demographics, sociopsychological, and structural variables.
based on three components of individuals perceptions of threat of a disease disease
-perceived susceptibility to a disease
-perceived seriousness of a disease
- perceived benefits of action
what is health promotion model (Pender)
developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health.
- incorporates individual characteristics and experiences and behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, motivate health- promoting behavior
- personal, biologic, psychological, and sociocultural factors are predictive of a certain health related habit
- health related behavior is the outcome of the model and is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes and experiences throughout the life span
what is the reversed health promotion model?
behaviors may induce either a positive or negative subjective response or affect.
three additional variables:
-activity-related affect
- commitment to a plan of action
-immediate competing demands and preferences
what is the health-illness continuum 1?
conceptualizes a persons level of health.
- views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death on opposite side of a continuum.
- illustrates the dynamic(ever changing) state of health as a person adapts to changes in internal and external environments to maintain a state of well being
what is the health-illness continuum 2?
starts with normal health in the middle
Death < illness < -normal health- > good health > high-level wellness
what is the agent-host-environment model (Leavell and Clark)?
It is used to look at risk factors for infectious disease.
- views the interaction between and external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person.
- it is a traditional model that explains how certain factors place some people at risk for an infectious disease
- the use of the model is limited when dealing with noninfectious disease.
- these three factors are constantly interacting and a combination of factors may increase the risk of illness.
what are the risk factors for illness?
age, genetic factors, physiologic factors, health habits, lifestyle, environment.
what is the 1st components of Maslow’s hierarchy?
physiological needs: starts with airway, breathing and circulation
hydration, water and fluids
nutrition- food
elimination defecation & urination
temperature
mobility
rest
what is the 2nd components of Maslow’s hierarchy?
safety and security- second in priority
has both physical and emotional components
being protected from potential or actual harm
what is the 3rd components of Maslow’s hierarchy?
love and belonging needs- often called higher level needs
understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love
the feeling of belonging to groups like families, peers, friends, a neighborhood, and community
what is the 4th components of Maslow’s hierarchy?
self esteem needs- need for a person to feel good about themselves, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that others also respect and appreciate those accomplishments.
feeling of being special and unique
what is the 5th components of Maslow’s hierarchy?
self-actualization needs- acceptance of self and others as they are
focus of interest on problems outside oneself
ability to be objective
feelings of happiness and affection for others
what is a nuclear family?
traditional family: two parents and their children
what is a blended family?
two parents and their unrelated children from previous relationships
what is a single parent family?
may be separated, divorced, widowed, or never married
family stage- couple and family with young children
task- establish a mutually satisfying marriage plan to have or not have children
stage of specific risk factors- inadequate knowledge of contraception and family
stage specific nursing interventions/ referrals- family planning clinics
family stage- family with adolescents and young adults
task- maintain open communications, support moral and ethical family values
stage specific risk factors- family of origin family value of aggressiveness
stage specific nursing interventions- accident prevention programs
family stage- family with middle aged adults
task- maintain tips with younger and older generations, prepare for retirement
stage specific risk factors- depression, exposure to environmental or work related health risk
stage specific nursing interventions- blood pressure screenings, screenings for chronic illness
family stage- family with older adult
task- adjust to retirement, adjust to loss of spouse
stage specific risk factors- increasing age with loss of physical function, chronic illness, depression
stage specific nursing interventions- screening for chronic illness, home safety information, retirement information.
what are the risk factors for altered family history?
lifestyle risk factors psychosocial risk factors environmental risk factors developmental risk factors biological risk factors
what are community factors affecting health?
social support systems,
community health care structure
economic resources
environmental factors
what is culture?
shared systems of beliefs values and behavioral expectations
-provides social structure for daily living
what is subculture?
large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group.
members have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics not common to the larger culture.
what is a dominant group?
has the most authority to control values and sanctions of society
what is a minority group?
a physical or cultural characteristic identifies the people as different from dominant group
what is a cultural assimilation?
minorities living within a dominant group lose the characteristics that made them different
what is cultural shock?
the feeling a person experiences when placed in a different culture
- can result in psychological discomfort or disturbances.
what is ethnicity?
- sense of identification with a collective cultural group
- largely based on groups common heritage
- one can belong to an ethnic group through birth or adoption of characteristics of that group
what is race?
skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, hair, texture
american indian or alaska native
asian
black or african american
white
what is stereotyping?
the assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic group act alike
-can be positive and negative
what is cultural imposition?
belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system
what is cultural blindness?
ignores differences and proceeds as if they did not exist
what is culture conflict?
people become aware of differences and feel threatened.
what is ethnocentrism?
belief that ones ideas, beliefs, and practice are the best or superior or are most preferred to those of others.
what are some cultural influences on health care?
reaction to pain mental health gender roles language and communication orientation to space and time food and nutrition family support
what are some culturally competent nursing care?
recognizing that each person holds various beliefs about pain and that pain is what the patient says
respect the patients right to respond to pain in ones own fashion
what are some poverty considerations ?
feelings of despair, resignation, and fatalism
unemployment and need for finical or government aid
unstable family structure, characterized by abusiveness and abandonment
what are some elements of cultural competence?
developing self awareness
demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a patients culture
accepting and respecting cultural differences
what are common modes of value transmission?
modeling moralizing laissez- faire rewarding and punishment responsible choice
what are the three main activities of the valuing process?
choosing- choosing freely from alternatives after careful consideration of the consequences of each alternative
prizing(treasuring)- involves pride, happiness, and public affirmation
acting- combining choice into ones behavior with consistency and regularity on the value
what is human digity?
respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations
what is integrity?
acting according to code of ethics and standards of practice
what is social justice?
upholding moral, legal, and humanistic rights
concern for welfare and well being of others
what is autonomy?
right to self determination
what is human dignity?
respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and population.
what is nursing ethics?
formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing, analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgements
what is utilitarian?
the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action
what is deontologic?
an action is right or wrong independent of it consequences
what is nonmaleficence?
to avoid causing harm.
what is benficence?
benefit to the patient
what is justice?
give each his or her due and act fairly
what is fidelity?
keep promises.
what is veracity?
accountability, privacy, confidentiality
what is used to develop moral resilience?
cultivating good relationships
accepting that change is a part of living
refusing to view crises as unsurmountable
nurturing a positive view of self an d taking care of self
keeping things in perspective
what is a ethical dilemma?
two clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action
what is ethical distress?
occurs when the nurse knows the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action
what is the process to make ethical decisions?
- assess the situation
- diagnose (identify) the ethical problem
- plan
- implement your decision
- evaluate your decision
what are ethical problems?
paternalism, deception, privacy, confidentiality, allocation of scarce nursing resources , valid consent or refusal
what is the function of ethical committees?
education, case review, occasionally research, policy making, consultation
what is litigation?
process of bringing and trying a lawsuit
what is plaintiff?
person bringing suit
what is a defendant?
person being accused of the crime
what are the four sources of law?
constitution: serve as guide to legislation bodies
statutory law: enacted by a legislative body
administrative law: empowered by executive officers
common law: judiciary system reconciles controversies, creates body of common law
what are four elements of liability?
duty, breach of duty, causation, damages
what are elements of informed consent?
disclosure, comprehension, competence, voluntariness
what are the 5 parts of the communication process (berlo)
stimulus or referent sender or source of message message itself medium or channel of communication receiver
