Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
• Define the metabolic disorders
A
OBESITY •MALNUTRITION and DEFICIENCES DISEASES •CARBOHYDRATES- Diabetes mellitus
2
Q
List the conditions associated with obesity
A
CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY • Diabetes mellitus: • Increased resistance to insulin. • 80% of patients with NIDDM are obese. • Hypertension: • Are 8x more likely to hypertensive. • Atherosclerosis • MI is more common. • Gallstones and gallbladder disease Osteoarthritis. • Complications following surgery. • Respiratory complications: • Hypoventilation syndrome. • Cancer: • Endometrium and breast.
3
Q
List the pathological findings in a patient with kwashiorkor
A
• There is protein deficiency with: • Muscle wasting • Failure to grow • Hypoproteinaemia mainly hypoalbuminaemia • Oedema • Body fat is maintained. Underweight but oedematous due to hypoalbuminaemia (due to adequate CHO but protein (essential amino acids) • Depigmentated hair and skin rash • Secondary infections and lethargy • Fatty liver Enzymes are low resulting in multiple metabolic upsets. • Anaemia due to inadequate synthesis of haemoglobin. • Decreased immune response with thymic atrophy leading to susceptibility to infections.
4
Q
Discuss the pathogenesis of the signs of kwashiorkor i.e, oedema,
ascites, enlarged liver
A
• Skeletal muscles appear wasted and pale. • Heart: small and heart failure. • Pancreas is atrophic. • Intestines – villous atrophy. • Liver – marked fatty change • Infection
5
Q
• List and discuss the complications of Vitamin A
A
Characterized by ocular complications which may cause permanent blindness: • Night blindness d/t decreased rhodopsin regeneration • Xerophthalmia • Keratomalasia • Squamous metaplasia of epithelium in other parts of the body • Bronchopneumonia • Kidney stones • Folicular hyperkeratosis
6
Q
• Discuss the main presentation of Vitamin B complex
A
• Water soluble • Thiamine or vit B1 • Generally widely available in the diet • Deficiency occurs in chronic alcoholics and in some Asian countries • 3 main methods of presentation: • Polyneuropathy in a glove and stocking distribution (dry beriberi) • A high output cardiac failure with oedema (wet beri-beri) • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
7
Q
• List the clinical features of niacin b3
A
- Causes pellagra
- The clinical features incl:
- Dematitis of the exposed parts
- Diarrhoea
- Dementia
- Death if untreated
8
Q
• Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
A
Diabetes mellitus IDDM (type 1) • Less common • Younger • Thin • Viral/autoimmune • No insulin • MHC class II link and concordance 40% • Ketotic coma
NIDDM (type 2) • Increasingly common • Older • Obese • Resistance to insulin • Normal insulin • No MHC link but concordance 100% • Hyperosmolar coma
9
Q
• Discuss the complications of diabetes mellitus
A
Accelerated atherosclerosis and micro-angiopathy → MI, stroke, PVD • Renal – glomerulosclerosis → chronic renal failure • Retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma • Infections (renal, other, NB fungi)
10
Q
The state of nutrition can be measured by:
•
A
Body weight. • Subcutaneous fat as measured by skinfold thickness. • Muscle mass as measured by mid-arm circumference. • Serum proteins.
11
Q
RIBOFLAVINE DEFICIENCY
A
• Causes a sore tongue and fissuring at the corners of the mouth • Dematitis • Interstitial keratitis
12
Q
DEFICIENCIES CAUSING ANAEMIA iron?
A
- Iron deficiency
* Results in hypochromic microcytic anaemia.
13
Q
DEFICIENCIES CAUSING ANAEMIA b12?
A
- Vit B12
- Is a water soluble vitamin.
- Present in liver, milk, and eggs.
- Is absorbed in the presence of IF secreted by the stomach
- Necessary for nucleic acid and DNA formation
- Deficiency results in megaloblastic anaemia.
- Folic acid deficiency results in megaloblastic anaemia
14
Q
b6 deficiency
A
VITAMIN B6 • May give rise to a type of anaemia in which iron cannot be used properly in the formation of haemoglobin. • Sideroblastic anaemia
15
Q
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
A
• Rickets in children • Results in excessive osteoid production • Deficient mineralisation • Softening of bones, with deformity and enlargement • Osteomalacia in adults • Softening and deformity of bones d/t demineralsation • There is low serum Ca2+ and a high ALP
