Test 1

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

A disease in which cells divide repeatedly and without restraint, in some cases forming a tumor.

Question 2

Cell division

Answer 2

The process by which a cell reproduces itself; cell division is important for normal growth, development, maintenance, and repair of an organism.

Question 3

Mitosis

Answer 3

The segregation and separation of replicated chromosomes during cell division.

Question 4

Cytokinesis

Answer 4

The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells.

Question 5

Carcinogen

Answer 5

Any substance that causes cancer. Most are mutagens.

Question 6

Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Answer 6

A cellular mechanism that ensures that a stage of the cell cycle is completed accurately.

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

A type of cell death; often referred to as cellular suicide.

Question 8

Proto-oncogene

Answer 8

A gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally.

Question 9

Oncogene

Answer 9

A mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. Oncogenes drive cells to divide continually.

Question 10

Tumor suppressor Gene

Answer 10

A gene that codes for a protein that monitors and checks cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function.

Question 11

Benign Tumor

Answer 11

A noncancerous tumor whose cells will not spread throughout the body.

Question 12

Malignant Tumor

Answer 12

A cancerous tumor whose cells can spread throughout the body.

Question 13

Metastasis

Answer 13

The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

Question 14

Chemotherapy

Answer 14

Treaatment using toxic chemicals that kill cancer by interfering with cell division.

Question 15

Radiation Therapy

Answer 15

The use of ionizing (high energy) radiation to treat cancer.

Question 16

Targeted Therapy

Answer 16

A cancer therapy that is specific for cancer cells and not harmful to normal cells.

Question 17

Immunotherapy

Answer 17

A cancer therapy that uses the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

Question 18

Anecdotal Evidence

Answer 18

An informal observation that has not been systematically tested.

Question 19

Hypothesis

Answer 19

A tentative explanation for a scientific observation or question.

Question 20

Experimental Group

Answer 20

The group in an experiment that experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation.

Question 21

Control Group

Answer 21

The group in an experiment that experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation.

Question 22

Placebo

Answer 22

A fake treatment guven to control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups.

Question 23

Independent Variable

Answer 23

The variable, or factor, being deliberately changed in the experimental group relative to the control group.

Question 24

Dependent Variable

Answer 24

The measured result of an experiment, analyzed in both the experimental and control groups.

Question 25

Sample Size

Answer 25

The number of experimental subjects or the number of times an experiment is repeated. In human studies, sample size is the number of participants.

Question 26

Statistical significance

Answer 26

A measure of confidence that the results obtained are “real” and not due to chance.

Question 27

Correlation

Answer 27

A consistent relationship between two variables.

Question 28

Scientific theory

Answer 28

An explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has never been disproved.

Question 29

Epidemiology

Answer 29

The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors.

Question 30

Cell Membrane

Answer 30

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells.

Question 31

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 31

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles.

Question 32

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 32

Cells that contain membrane-bound organells, including a central nucleus.

Question 33

Cytoplasm

Answer 33

The gelatinous aqueous interior of all cells.

Question 34

Organelles

Answer 34

The membrane-bound compartment of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions.

Question 35

Nucleus

Answer 35

The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material.

Question 36

Ribosome

Answer 36

A complex ofRNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells.

Question 37

Cell wall

Answer 37

A rigid structure present in some cells that encloses the cell membrane and helps the cell maintain its integrity.

Question 38

Mitochondria

Answer 38

Membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy conversion reactions in eukaryotes.

Question 39

Chloroplast

Answer 39

An organelle in plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis.

Question 40

Cellular Differentiation

Answer 40

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to carry out a specific role by turning specific genes “on” and “off” and making different suites of proteins.

Question 41

Stem Cells

Answer 41

Immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types.

Question 42

Multipotent

Answer 42

Describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body.

Question 43

Pleuripotent

Answer 43

Describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into and cell type in the body.