Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

A disease in which cells divide repeatedly and without restraint, in some cases forming a tumor.

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2
Q

Cell division

A

The process by which a cell reproduces itself; cell division is important for normal growth, development, maintenance, and repair of an organism.

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

The segregation and separation of replicated chromosomes during cell division.

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4
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells.

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5
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any substance that causes cancer. Most are mutagens.

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6
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoint

A

A cellular mechanism that ensures that a stage of the cell cycle is completed accurately.

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

A type of cell death; often referred to as cellular suicide.

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8
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

A gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally.

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9
Q

Oncogene

A

A mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. Oncogenes drive cells to divide continually.

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10
Q

Tumor suppressor Gene

A

A gene that codes for a protein that monitors and checks cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function.

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11
Q

Benign Tumor

A

A noncancerous tumor whose cells will not spread throughout the body.

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12
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

A cancerous tumor whose cells can spread throughout the body.

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13
Q

Metastasis

A

The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

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14
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treaatment using toxic chemicals that kill cancer by interfering with cell division.

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15
Q

Radiation Therapy

A

The use of ionizing (high energy) radiation to treat cancer.

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16
Q

Targeted Therapy

A

A cancer therapy that is specific for cancer cells and not harmful to normal cells.

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17
Q

Immunotherapy

A

A cancer therapy that uses the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

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18
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

An informal observation that has not been systematically tested.

19
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative explanation for a scientific observation or question.

20
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group in an experiment that experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation.

21
Q

Control Group

A

The group in an experiment that experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation.

22
Q

Placebo

A

A fake treatment guven to control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups.

23
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable, or factor, being deliberately changed in the experimental group relative to the control group.

24
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measured result of an experiment, analyzed in both the experimental and control groups.

25
Sample Size
The number of experimental subjects or the number of times an experiment is repeated. In human studies, sample size is the number of participants.
26
Statistical significance
A measure of confidence that the results obtained are "real" and not due to chance.
27
Correlation
A consistent relationship between two variables.
28
Scientific theory
An explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has never been disproved.
29
Epidemiology
The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors.
30
Cell Membrane
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells.
31
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles.
32
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that contain membrane-bound organells, including a central nucleus.
33
Cytoplasm
The gelatinous aqueous interior of all cells.
34
Organelles
The membrane-bound compartment of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions.
35
Nucleus
The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material.
36
Ribosome
A complex ofRNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis in all cells.
37
Cell wall
A rigid structure present in some cells that encloses the cell membrane and helps the cell maintain its integrity.
38
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy conversion reactions in eukaryotes.
39
Chloroplast
An organelle in plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis.
40
Cellular Differentiation
The process by which a cell becomes specialized to carry out a specific role by turning specific genes "on" and "off" and making different suites of proteins.
41
Stem Cells
Immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types.
42
Multipotent
Describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body.
43
Pleuripotent
Describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into and cell type in the body.