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Lab Medicine I > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CLIA

clinical laboratory improvement amendments

A

laws and regulations governing how labs are operated

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2
Q

waived tests

A

tests often done in office that don’t require CLIA oversight

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3
Q

POCT

point of care testing

A

CLIA waived testing

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4
Q

quality control

A

testing run on control materials periodically to assure that an assay or test is reliable

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5
Q

quality assurance

A

programs within a lab to assure accurate and reliable results

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6
Q

proficiency testing

A

perioding testing required to assure that technical personnel are performing tests correctly and getting accurate results

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7
Q

incidence of disease

A

number of new cases of a disease during a specified period of time and population

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8
Q

prevalence

A

number of existing cases of disease during a specified period of time and population

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9
Q

predictive value

A

ability of a screening test result to correctly identify disease state

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10
Q

pretest probability

A

the probability of the target disorder before a diagnostic test result is known

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11
Q

critical/panic value

A

lab value that requires immediate notification to the provider for urgent action

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12
Q

normal range

A

range of value determined by the lab to encompass values within 2 standard deviations of the mean for a large population, 5% of normal values fall out of this range

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13
Q

specificity

A
  • ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease
  • identify the true negative
  • highly specific test unlikely to give false positive
  • used to confirm results of screening tests
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14
Q

sensitivity

A
  • ability of a test to identify who truly has a disease
  • identify the true positive
  • acts as screening test
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15
Q

pretest or preanalytical issues

A

issues related to patient, proper test selection, consent, preparation, specimen collection, specimen storage and transport

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16
Q

intratest or analytical issues

A

may include issues related to testing procedures, interference, reagents, QC

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17
Q

posttest or postanalytical issues

A

includes issues related to calculating, reporting, and interpreting results, follow-up

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18
Q

tube draw order

A

blue, red, gold, green, purple, gray

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19
Q

lavender tube

A
  • contains EDTA

- hematology, CBC, making blood smears

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20
Q

light blue tube

A
  • contains sodium citrate

- coagulation studies like PT/INR

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21
Q

green tube

A
  • contains heparin

- plasma chemistry studies

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22
Q

WBC panic value

A

<2000

>30000

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23
Q

Hb/Hgb Panic values

A

<5

>20

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24
Q

HCT panic values

A

<20%

>60%

25
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most numerous
  • most important
  • only ethnic difference
  • pyogenic bacterial infection
26
Q

neutrophilia

A
  • acute bacterial infection
  • inflammation
  • myeloproliferative
27
Q

neutropenia

A
  • overwhelming infection
  • viral infection
  • aplastic anemia
28
Q

eosinophil

A
  • parasite defense

- allergic reaction

29
Q

eosinophilia

A
  • parasite infection
  • allergy
  • UC/crohns
30
Q

eosinopenia

A
  • stress
  • cushings
  • drugs
31
Q

basophil

A

allergic reaction

32
Q

basophilia

A
  • myelocytic leukemia
  • acute basophilic leukemia
  • inflammation
  • allergy
33
Q

basopenia

A
  • stress

- prolonged steroid use

34
Q

monocyte

A

severe infection

35
Q

monocytosis

A
  • bacterial infection
  • TB
  • syphilis
36
Q

monocytopenia

A
  • prednisone
  • overwhelming infection
  • HIV
  • aplastic anemia
37
Q

Lymphocyte

A

viral infection

38
Q

lymphocytosis

A
  • mononucleosis
  • pertussis
  • CLL, ALL
39
Q

shift to the left

A

-increase in number of immature granulocytes
-neutrophils
-increase bands to >80%
found in pregnancy, bacterial infection, hemorrhage, myeloproliferative disorder

40
Q

leukocytosis

A

WBC > 10,000

  • bacterial/viral infections
  • dehydration
  • leukemia
  • inflammation
  • prednisone
  • hemorrhage/hemolysis
  • demargination of cells
41
Q

leukopenia

A

WBC < 4,000

  • overwhelming bacterial infection
  • viral infection
  • bone marrow disorder
  • over hydration
  • medications
42
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia

A
  • lymphoblasts present

- 1/3 of childhood cancers

43
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A
  • predominant small mature lymphocyte

- smudge cells

44
Q

acute myeloid leukemia

A

-blasts present in peripheral blood

45
Q

chronic myeloid leukemia

A
  • philadephia chromosome

- basophilia and neutrophilia

46
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature RBC

47
Q

normal/decreased reticulocyte

A
  • iron deficient anemia
  • anemia of chronic disease
  • lead poisoning
  • B12/folate deficiency
  • aplastic anemia
48
Q

elevated reticulocyte

A
  • hemolytic anemia
  • hemorrhage
  • early treatment nutritional deficiency
49
Q

iron deficient anemia

A
  • most common cause of anemia
  • causes: malnutrition, chronic blood loss, pregnancy
  • microcytic
  • hypochromic
  • decreased RBC
  • high RDW
  • decreased ferritin is earliest finding and persists
50
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A
  • bone marrow produces ringed sideroblast rather than normal RBC
  • body has iron but can’t incorporate it into hemoglobin
51
Q

Why separate serum from RBC

A

blood glucose will decrease

52
Q

what is drawn first

A

blood cultures for sterility

53
Q

primary polycythemia

A
  • RBC high
  • EPO low
  • caused by abnormality of cells in marrow
54
Q

secondary polycythemia

A
  • RBC high
  • EPO high
  • caused by disorder originating outside of marrow
55
Q

microcytic anemia

A 
TAILS
Thalassemia
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Iron Deficiency anemia
Lead toxicity
Sideroblastic
56
Q

Thalassemia lab finding

A
  • Low MCV
  • Normal RDW
  • Increased iron
  • Decreased TIBC
  • Abnormal Hemoglobin electrophoresis (Hb A2)
57
Q

Normocytic anemia

A
  • Hemorrhagic/Hemolytic

- aplastic

58
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

B12/folate deficiency

Lab Medicine I (2 decks)

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