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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the roots of psychology? (2)

A

Philosohy and science

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2
Q

What is philosophy?

A

Discipline in which individuals ponder questions about humanity, using logic to gain insight

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3
Q

What is science?

A

Discipline in which rigorous scientific techniques are used to answer questions about physical and metaphysical world

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4
Q

Define psychology

A

Combines these two disciplines to ask important questions about humanity, using scientific method to find answers

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5
Q

How many major psychological perspectives are there and what are they?

A

Seven

  1. Evolutionary
  2. Psychodynamic/psychoanalytical
  3. Behaviorism
  4. Humanism
  5. Cognitive
  6. Socio-cultural
  7. Biopsychological
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6
Q

Define evolutionary psychological perspective

A

Naturally selected traits promoting the survival of genes

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7
Q

Which psychological perspective relates to the following:

Learning from associations and observable responses

A

Behaviorism

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8
Q

Which psychological perspective is defined by the following:
Behaviour stems from unconscious drives and conflicts

A

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic

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9
Q

What is humanism?

A

Meeting needs for love and acceptance, acheive self-fulfilment

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10
Q

What is cognitive psychological perspective?

A

Encoding, processing, storing, retrieving information

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11
Q

Which of the following is the definition of socio-cultural psychological perspective?
A) naturally selected traits promoting the survival of genes
B) learning from associations and observable responses
C) behaviour and thinking varying across situations
D) Body and brain, enable enabling emotions, memories, sensory experiences, how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences

A

C) behaviour and thinking varying across situations

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12
Q

Body and brain, enabling Emotions, memories, sensory experiences, how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences Is the definition of what psychological perspective?

A

Biopsychological

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13
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A

Description, explanation, prediction, influence/control

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14
Q

What are independent and dependent variables?

A

Independent variables are the cause, dependant is the effect.
Independent variables cause the dependent variable to change

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15
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

The curiosity to learn about how and why humans behave and think in the way they do, psychologist would say you were intrinsically motivated to learn

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16
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Factors outside of own personal interest. Example: if you take the course because of program requirements psychologist would say you were extrinsically motivated

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17
Q

Refers to dynamics of behavior; ways in which our actions are initiated, sustained, directed and terminated Is the definition of what?

A

Motivation

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18
Q

What does the model of motivation include?

A

A need, Drive, response, goal

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19
Q

Model of motivation begins with what?

A

A need Or internal deficiency

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20
Q

In the model of motivation what does a need cause?

A

A drive

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21
Q

What is the definition of a drive when it comes to model of motivation?

A

Energized motivational state

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22
Q

What does a drive activate in a model of motivation?

A

Our response designed ottain a goal

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23
Q

What is a response when it comes to the model of motivation?

A

Action/series of actions 

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24
Q

What is a goal in relation to model of motivation?

A

The target of motivated behaviour

Goal ends chain of events

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25
Q

What is an incentive in relation to motivation?

A

The pull of a goal is called its incentive value.
 some goals so desirable that they can motivate behaviour in the absence of an internal need
Other goals so low incentive value that they may be rejected even if they meet the internal need

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26
Q

What are the three types of motivation?

A

Primary motives, stimulus motives, secondary motives

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27
Q

What motives are based on learn needs, drives and goals?

A

Secondary motives

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28
Q

What Type of motive expresses her needs for stimulation and information?

A

Stimulus motives

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29
Q

What type of motive is based on biological needs that must be met for survival and are annate?

A

Primary motives

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30
Q

What are the most important primary motives?

A

Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, and needs for air, sleep, elimination of waste, regulation of body temperature

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31
Q

Our stimulus motives necessary for survival?

A

No

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32
Q

What type of motive is related to learned needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, security and achievement?

A

Secondary motives

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33
Q

Who is Maslow and his hierarchy of needs?

A

One of the founders of humanistic psychology; an area in the field that focusses on what it Means to be human and which emphasizes the importance of personal experiences and their influence on our emotional health And the relation to motivation

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34
Q

What is at the base of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs; needed for human survival. This includes air, water, food, sex, sleep, clothes, shelter

These needs must be met in order for the human body to remain in homeostasis.

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35
Q

Next up from physiological needs on hierarchy of needs is what?

A

Safety needs; includes job security, health, safe environments. Personal, emotional, financial security
The need to feel safe.

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36
Q

The third of five hierarchy of needs is love and belonging which includes the following:

A

Being comfortable with and connection to others that results from receiving acceptance, respect and love. Humans possess an effective need for a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups: work, sports, friends or family

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37
Q

The fourth hierarchy of needs is esteem.

Esteem needa refers to;

A

 Most people have a need for a stable esteem, based on real capacity/achievement. The need for respect from others, status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. As well as the need for self-respect, strength, confidence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom

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38
Q

At the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is

A

Self actualization

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39
Q

Self actualization includes the following

A

Fulfilling our potential. Some characteristics may exhibit accurate perception of reality, general acceptance of nature, Oneself and others are, spontaneity, commitment, Need for privacy and independence, deep feelings of empathy, ability to maintain strong relationships, don’t overpower others

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40
Q

What is arousal?

A

Our levels of arousal and walking consciousness can vary wildly; can be anywhere from physically and mentally under stimulated to physically and mentally overstimulated. Arousal level one engage in tasks can be compared to stove burner temp; when we cook we must choose the appropriate temperature.

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41
Q

What are social motives?

A

Humans Are greatly affected by their social environments; raise as members of a society and learn what is important in that society

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42
Q

What is a high need for power?

A

Indicates that you were motivated to be in a position of leadership or to direct the actions of others

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43
Q

What is a need for affiliation?

A

In the case that you were motivated to create and maintain positive relationships with others and the need for achievement

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44
Q

How are motivation and emotion intricately involved

A

One influences the other

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45
Q

What is emotion?

A

The feeling an expression of emotion often identified as a central human characteristic; psychology Emotion is often discussed in reference to disorders like depression and anxiety

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46
Q

What are some nonverbal communications of emotion?

A

A majority of our communication is nonverbal, provides insight to our true feelings; facial expressions, gestures, body movement, tone of voice, eye contact, posture

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47
Q

What are meta-needs?

A

An expression of tendencies to fully develop your personal potentials

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48
Q

Examples of meta-needs

A

Wholeness, perfection, completion, justice, richness, simplicity, aliveness, beauty, goodness, uniqueness, playfulness, truth, autonomy, meaningfulness

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49
Q

What is the exact definition of emotion?

A

The state characterized by psychological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture and subjective feelings

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50
Q

What is adaptive behavior?

A

Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions

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51
Q

What are physiological changes?

A

Alterations and heart rate, blood pressure, preparation, and other involuntary responses

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52
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

The hormone produced by adrenaline glands that tend to arouse the body

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53
Q

Outward signs and emotion is occurring is what?

A

Emotional expression

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54
Q

Definition of emotional feelings?

A

Private, subjective experience of having an emotion

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55
Q

According to Robert Placek, the most basic and primary emotions are

A

Fear, surprise, sadness, discussed, anger, joy, anticipation, acceptance

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56
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in emotions?

A

Mood amygdala, Autonomic nervous system, Sympathetic branch, parasympathetic branch and parasympathetic rebound

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57
Q

(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)

Function of mood amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system that produces fear responses; low intensity, long lasting emotional state

58
Q

(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)

Function of ANS

A

System of nerves that connect the brain with internal organ/glands; can cause physical issues

59
Q

(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)

Function of sympathetic branch

A

Part of the ANS that activates the body at times of stress

60
Q

(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)

Function of parasympathetic branch

A

Part of the ANS that quiets the body and conserves energy

61
Q

(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)

Function of parasympathetic rebound

A

Excess activity in the peripheral nervous system following period Of intense emotion

62
Q

What is the definition of Kinesics?

A

Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures and facial expressions

63
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory?

A

States that emotional feelings follower by arousal and come from awareness of such arousal

64
Q

What is the Canned-Bard Theory?

A

States emotions occur when physical arousal is labelled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues

65
Q

What is emotional attribution?

A

Mental process of assigning causes to events

66
Q

What is facial feedback hypothesis?

A

States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels

67
Q

What is the definition of personality?

A

A persons unique in real relatively stable behaviour patterns

68
Q

What is the definition of a persons character?

A

Personal characteristics that have been judged/evaluated; (un)desirable Qualities

69
Q

What is the definition of a persons temperament?

A

The hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability and adaptability

70
Q

Is a persons temperament hereditary or developed?

A

Hereditary

71
Q

What are traits?

A

Stable, enduring quality that a person shows and most situations; typically inferred from behavior. Once identified, can be used to predict future behaviour

72
Q

What are some examples of traits?

A

Sociable, orderly, intelligent, shy, sensitive, creative

73
Q

At what age does persons personality begin to harden?

A

During the 20s

74
Q

By what age is a persons personality usually stabilized?

A

By 30. With that being said most people continue to become more conscientious and agreeable as a mature

75
Q

What is a personality type?

A

A style of personality define by a group of related traits

76
Q

Who are propose the idea of extraverts and introverts?

A

carl jung

77
Q

What is an extrovert?

A

A person who is attention as directions outward; a bold, outgoing person

78
Q

What is an introvert?

A

A person whose attention is focussed N-word; a shy, reserved, self-centred person

79
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A person’s perception of his/her own personality traits

80
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; positive evaluation of yourself. Tends to rise when experienced success or praise.

81
Q

What are personality theories?

A

A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas and principles proposed to explain personality

82
Q

What are the five major perspectives of personality theories?

A

Trait theories, psychodynamic theories, behaviouristic theories, social learning theories, and humanistic theories

83
Q

Attempt to learn what traits make up personality in relation to behaviour is what type of major perspective:

A

Trait theories

84
Q

What major perspective places importance on external environment and affects of conditioning and learning?

A

Behaviouristic theories

85
Q

Focus on inner workings of personality; internal conflicts and struggle is the definition of what major perspective theory?

A

Psychodynamic theories

86
Q

What personality theory demonstrate subjective experience and personal growth?

A

Humanistic theories

87
Q

What personality theory attributes differences in personality to socialization, expectations and mental processes?

A

Social learning theory

88
Q

What is a trait theorist?

A

A psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, interrelating traits to understanding personality

89
Q

What are the different trait types? (7)

A

Common, individual, cardinal, Central, secondary, Surface, source

90
Q

What are common traits?

A

Personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture

91
Q

What are individual traits?

A

Personality traits of finding persons unique individual qualities

92
Q

What are cardinal traits?

A

A personality trait so basic that all of a persons activities relate to it

93
Q

What are central traits?

A

Core traits characterizing individuals personality

94
Q

What are secondary traits?

A

Inconsistent are relatively superficial traits

95
Q

What are surface traits?

A

Visible and observable traits of one’s personality

96
Q

What are source traits?

A

Basic underlying traits of personality

97
Q

What is included in the five factor model of traits?

A

Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, Openness to Experience

98
Q

What is trait-situation interaction?

A

The influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits

99
Q

What are behavioural genetics?

A

The study of inherited traits and tendencies

100
Q

What is the psychoanalytic Theory?

A

Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

101
Q

According to freud, What are the three parts of structure of personality?

A

The ID, the ego, the super ego

102
Q

When referring to structure of personality what is the ID?

A

Self-serving, irrational, impulsive, totally unconscious; operates on the pleasure principle
Made up of annate biological instincts and urges
Acts as well of energy for the entire psych called libido

103
Q

When referring to structure of personality what is the ego?

A

System of thinking, planning, problem-solving and deciding; Conscious control of personality
Described as the executive because it direct energy supplied by ID, guided by reality principle, delays action until it is practical are appropriate

104
Q

When referring to structure of personality what is the super ego?

A

Acts as judge or sensor for thoughts and actions of the ego; reflects actions for which a person has been punished

105
Q

What is moral anxiety?

A

Threats of punishment caused by superego; ego defence mechanisms to lessen internal conflicts

106
Q

What are the three levels of awareness?

A

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious

107
Q

What is the conscious level of awareness?

A

Includes everything you were aware about the given moment; thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories

108
Q

What is the preconscious level of awareness?

A

Contains material that can be easily brought to awareness

109
Q

What is the unconscious level of awareness?

A

Cannot be easily brought to awareness; May feel guilty without knowing why

110
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, genital, latency period

111
Q

When referring to psychosexual stages what and who is involved in the oral stage?

A

During first year of life, most of infants pleasure comes from stimulation of mouth
Adult needs; gum chewing, nail biting, smoking

112
Q

When referring to psychosexual stages what stage is described by the following

A

Between ages one and three, attention shifts to process of elimination

113
Q

Difference between anal retentive and anal expulsive personality?

A

Anal retentive is holding in, expulsive is letting go

114
Q

When referring to psychosexual stages the phallic stage is

A

Between ages three and six, increase sexual interest causes child to be physically attracted to parent of opposite sex; causes fight for attention

115
Q

What is the latency period of psychosexual stages and ages?

A

From ages six to puberty; psychosexual development is dormant

116
Q

What is the genital stage of psychosexual stages and when does it begin?

A

Begins at puberty; growing capacity for responsible social sexual relationships
Each area serves as main source of pleasure, frustration and self expression

117
Q

When does the general psychosexual stage end?

A

With mature capacity for love, realization of full adult sexuality

118
Q

What is the definition of compensation in relation to emotion?

A

Any attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority

119
Q

What is basic anxiety?

A

Primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world

120
Q

What is a persona?

A

The mask or public self presented to others

121
Q

What is personal unconscious?

A

Mental store house for a single individuals unconscious thoughts

122
Q

What is collective unconscious?

A

Mental store house for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans

123
Q

What is archetype?

A

A universal idea, image, pattern, found in collective unconscious

124
Q

What is anima? Animus?

A

An archetype representing the female and male principals

125
Q

What is behavioural personality theory?

A

Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behaviour

126
Q

What is a learning theorist?

A

A psychologist interested in ways that learning shapes behaviour and explains Personality

127
Q

What are situational determinants?

A

External conditions that strongly influence behaviour

128
Q

What is a drive?

A

Any stimulus strong enough to goad a person to action

129
Q

What is a cue?

A

External stimuli that guide responses; especially by signalling the presence or absence of reinforcement

130
Q

What is reward?

A

Anything that produces pleasure and satisfaction; positive reinforcer

131
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

An explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, effects of social relationships

132
Q

What is psychological situation?

A

Situation as it is perceived interpreted by an individual, not as existed objectively

133
Q

What is reinforcement value?

A

Subjective value a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer

134
Q

Self efficacy is defined by the following

A

Belief in your capacity to produce a desired result

135
Q

What is social reinforcement?

A

Praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others

136
Q

What are critical situations?

A

Situation during childhood are capable of leaving a lasting impression on personality

137
Q

What is humanism?

A

An approach that focusses on human experience, problems, potentials and ideals

138
Q

Which theory rejects freudian view And the believes Choices made our product of who you are today and that we are bundles of moldable responses

A

Humanism theory

139
Q

Carl rogers theory: emphasized human capacity for inner peace and happiness is what theory?

A

Humanism

140
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

Tennessee to generalize a favourable or unfavourable first impression to unrelated details of personality

Psych 2 (1 decks)

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