Test 1 Flashcards
T/F the larynx is considered to be part of the digestive and respiratory system
T
the pharynx conducts ____ to the esophagus and ____ to the larynx
food, air
what conducts food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
pharyx
what is a funnel shaped fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
pharynx
the pharynx extends from where to where
base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
the pharynx lies ___ to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx
posterior
what are the three parts that make up the pharynx
nasopharynx (Cv1)
oropharynx (Cv2-v3)
laryngopharynx (Cv3-v6)
what part of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
what part of the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity
oropharynx
what part of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
T/F teh pharyngeal isthmus is open when swallowing
False–its closed
what is the superior, inferior, anterior and pposterior boundary of the nasopharnx
superior: roof of pharynx
inferior: soft palate
anterior: posterior boarder of inferior nasal concha
posterior: posterior wall of pharynx
what is the clinical significance of the pharyngeal tonsil
may become enlarged causing issues breathing through the nose.
what is the second most commonly removed tonsils (and whats the MC)
2nd: pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
MC: palatine
aka for pharyngeal tonsil
adenoids
what is a tonsil
a mass of lymphoid tissue
what is a mass of lymphoid tissue called
tonsil
what is the pharyngotympaic (auditory) tube limited above by?
cartilaginous structure called the torus tubarious
what does the torus tubarious limit?
limits the pharyngotympacic tubes
where does the pharyngotympanic tube open to
the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
what does the pharyngotympanic tube connect
nasopharynx with the middle ear
what equalizes pressure between the nasopharynx and tympanic cavity
pharyngotympanic tube
why are ear infections (otitis media) MC in children
because the pharyngotympanic tube is more horizontal in children
what is the smallest tonsil that doesnt have any folds or pits
tubal tonsil (located in the torus tubaris)
what tonsil lies immediately behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube
tubal tonsil
what is the name of the fold that descends from the torus tubarious to the wall of the pharynx
salpingopharyngeal fold
what are the superior, inferior, anterior and posterior boundaries of the oropharynx
superrior: soft palate
inferior: superior border of the epiglottis
anterior: palatoglossal fold
posterior: posterior wall of the pharynx
what level does the oropharynx lie at
CV 2 AND 3
where are the palatine tonsils found
in the oropharynx (between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal fold)
what is found between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
palatine tonsils
what are the names of the two folds located in the oropharynx
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
where is the palatoglossal fold
from the soft palate to the tongue (deep to the fold is the paltoglossus muscle)
where is the palatopharyngeal fold
from the soft palate to the wall of the pharynx (deep to the fold is the palatopharyngeous muscle)
what is the space between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal fold called
tonsillar fossa
what are the tonsils MC removed during childhood
palatine tonsils
what is the circular arrangement of tonsils around the oropharynx formed by the lingual, palatine, tubal, pharyngeal tonsils called
tonsillar ring
what is the tonsillar ring, where is is located and what tonsils make up it
circular arragement of tonsils in the oropharynx
lingual, palatine, tubal and pharyngeal tonsils
what is the first line of defense against infection in the oropharynx
tonsillar ring
what is the longest part of the pharynx
laryngopharynx
what are the superior, inferior, anterior and posterior boundaries of the laryngopharynx
superior: superior boarder of epiglottis
inferior: lower border of cricoid cartilage
anterior: posterior surface of larynx
posterior: posterior wall of larynx
what is the opening to the larynx called and the area where if you swallow something and it “goes down the wrong tube”
laryngeal inlet
the laryngopharynx is bound laterally by the ______ folds and inferiorly by the ______ _____
aryepiglottic; interarytenoid notch
what is a recess in the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx thats located on either side of the laryngeal inlet
piriform fossa (recess)
what creates a channel for the passage of food around the laryngeal inlet
piriform fossa
where is an area that food can get caught in the laryngopharynx and cause bad breath
piriform fossa
where is the MC area for good to get caught in teh laryngopharynx
piriform fossa
what are the two layers that the muscles of the pharynx lie in
external (circular)
longitudinal layer
what are the muscles located in the external (circular) layer of the pharynx
inferior constrictor, muddle constrictor, superior constrictor, palatopharyngeal sphincter
what is the common action that all of the external (circular) layer muscles of the pharynx do
contract the pharynx during swallowing
what is the common insertion that all of the external (circular) layer muscles of the pharynx have
pharyngeal raphe
what is the common innervation that all of the external (circular) layer muscles of the pharynx have
Vagus nerve CNX via the pharyngeal plexus
***the interior constrictor muscle also is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve
innervation of the inferior constrictor muscle
CNX & external laryngeal nerve
what is the function of the palatopharyngeal sphincter
specialized band of muscle formed by the superior constrictor that helps to seal the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing (so you dont get fluid up the nasal cavity (: )
what are the muscles in the longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx
stylopharungeous, palatopharyngeous, salpingopharyngeous
what is the innervation of the stylopharyngeous muscle (longitudinal layer)
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
what is the innervation of the palatopharyngeous muscle (longitudinal layer)
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
what is the innervation of the salpingopharyngeous muscle (longitudinal layer)
vagus nevrve CNX via the pharyngeal plexus
**what is the only muscle in the body innervated by CN IX
stylopharyngeous
**what muscle works with the tensor veli palatini to open the pharyngotympanic tube
salpingopharyneous
what is the function of the salpingopharyngeous muscle
elevates the pharynx, opens pharyngotympanic tube
the pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerves that lies on the ____ _____ muscle
middle constrictor
the pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerves. what are the 3 components of the plexus
- pharyngeal branch of the vagus CN X
- pharyngeal brach of the glossopharyngeal CN IX
- sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
what does the pharyngeal branch of the vagus CNX supply
motor fibers to all the muscles of the pharynx EXCEPT stylopharyngeous (that is innervated by gollospharyngeal CN IX)
what does the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal CN IX supply
sensory to the mucosa of the pharynx
what supplies sensory to the mucosa of the pharynx
glossopharyngeal CN IX
what are the two arteries of the pharynx
ascending pharyngeal artery and maxillary artery
what is the buccopharyngeal fascia
surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx. continuous with the pretracheal fascia
surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx. continuous with the pretracheal fascia
buccopharyngeal fascia
pharyngobasilar fascia
lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx
lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx
pharyngobasilar fascia
retropharyngeal space
potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the prevertebral fascia. extends down to the thorax and permits free movement of the pharynx and the esophagus during swallowing
potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the prevertebral fascia. extends down to the thorax and permits free movement of the pharynx and the esophagus during swallowing
retropharyngeal space
what might happen if there was a hemorrage from cervical trauma or abscess from pharyngeal infection to the retropharyngeal space
posterior wall of the pharynx would balloon forward and the patient may suffocate
what is the clinical significance of the retropharyngeal space in the context of trauma to the cervicals
hemorrage from cervical trauma or abscess from pharyngeal infection may cause the posterior wall of the pharynx would balloon forward and the patient may suffocate
on xray what should you make sure to look for in cases of cervical trauma
widening of the retropharyngeal space
what is dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
function of incisor teeth
cutting
function of canine teeth
puncturing and tearing
function of premolars
single or double rooted–broad chewing surface
function of molars
multiple rooted teeth: very borad chewing surface
what is the labial surface of incisiors and canines and of pre and molars
incisiors/canines: side facing lip or cheek
molars: side facing the cheeck/buccal
what is the lingual surface of teeth
facing the tongue
what is the mesial and what is the distal surface of teeth
mesial: side facing anteriorly or toward midline
distal: side facing posteriorly/away from midline
the human has two set of teeth–the _____ aka baby teeth and ______ or adult teeth
decidious
permanent
what is the make up of your decidious set of teeth per quadrant
2 incisors, one canine, 2 molars (5 per quadrantx4)= 20 teeth
what is the make up of your permanent set of teeth per quadrant
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 pre molars, 3 molars. (8/quadrantx4)
32 teeth
premolars replace what teeth
premolars replace deciduous molars
how many incisors, canine, pre molars and molars do you have with decidious set per quadrant
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars
how many incisors, canine, pre molars and molars do you have with permanent set per quadrant
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 pre molars, 3 molars.
a tooth ache affects ____ tooth/teeth, where was trigeminal neuralgia affects ____ of teeth
1 tooth, a whole row
maxillary teeth innervation
superior alveolar branches from the maxillary divsion of the trigeminal (sensory only) (V2)
mandibular teeth innervation
inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular division of trigeminal (V3)
what is the purpose of teeth
to break down food material during mastication to increase surface area (SA) to faciliate enzymatic activity and absorption
what is the hardest substance in the human body
enamel
what does enamel cover
the crown of the tooth
where is the dentin/what does it cover
internal to the enamel and covers crown and root
what fills the centrla cavity of the tooth and contains blood vessels (BV), nerves and lymphatics
pulp
what is the bone like substance that covers the root of the tooth. is part of the peridontium (attachment system for teeth)
cementum
what are the 4 functions of the tongue
taste
mastication
swallowing
speech
**what is the structure of the tongue that divides the tongue into the oral part and the oropharyngeal part
sulcus terminalis
what is the sulcus terminalis
structure of the tongue that divides the tongue into the oral part and the oropharyngeal part
what is the oral part of the tongue
anterior 2/3
what is the oropharyngeal part of the tongue
posterior 1/3
**what is located as the apex of the V of the sulcus terminalis and is the remnant of the embryonic thyroglossal duct
foramen cecum
***what and where is the foramen cecum
located as the apex of the V of the sulcus terminalis and is the remnant of the embryonic thyroglossal duct
conical projections with sharply pointed tips (part of tongue) with no taste buds
filiform papillae
T/F filiform papillae have taste buds
False-they do not
**mushroom shaped, contain sweet tasting taste buds (tongue–what papillae)
fungiform
**largest of the lingual papillae, arranged in a v-shaped row in front of the sulcus terminalis, contain taste buds (tongue–what papillae)
vallate papillae
**grooves and ridges along the margin of the tongue, poorly developed in humans–contain taste buds (tongue–what papillae)
foliate papillae
**which of the following papillae of the tongue do not contain taste buds: fungiform, filiform, vallate, foliate
filiform
T/F lingual tonsil has deep ridges causing a lot of infections here
false–has shallow ridges so infections are usually not an issue
what are the two folds that connect the tongue to the epiglottis
medial and lateral glossoepiglottic fold
**what is the vallecula
the space of either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold
what is the space on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold called
vallecula
what connects the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor
frenulum
***what is ankyloglossia
in infants frenulum is short S-I and long A-P causing the tongue to be strapped to the floor of the mouth and impedes speech. usually grows the first year of life
nerves, vessels and extrinsic muscles enter of leave the tongue through the ___
root
what are the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
what innervates the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal CN XII: genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
*** CN X via the pharyngeal plexus innervates the palatoglossus
CN XII innervate all the intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for which? genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus
palatoglossus
what is the function of the genioglossus (intrinsic tongue muscle)
pulls the tongue forward–prevents the tongue from falling back and blocking the airway leading to suffocation. particularly important while under anesthesia and in seizure disorders
what is the sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
anterior: lingual nerve–a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3
what is the innervation of taste of the ant 2/3 of the tongue
chorda tympani–a branch of the facia nerve CN7
sensation and taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is through what nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
what is the artery and vein supply to the tonue
artery: lingual artery (from ext carotid)
vein: lingual vein (to int jugular)
what are the lymph nodes in the tongue and where do they drain?
submental, submandibular, and deep cervical. drain to the deep cervical nodes.
