test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Hebrews
A
- two kingdoms
- monotheistic (Yahweh)
- Assyrians (Israel), Babylonians (Judah)
- Cyrus freed them from captivity (rebuilt temple)
- allowed to return to Jerusalem
2
Q
Who was Cyrus?
A
- freed from Babylonians (500)
- benevolent+tolerant
- less slaves
- architecture+structures
- kept beliefs
3
Q
What was the religion in Persia?
A
-zoroastrian: moral responsibility to chose between good and evil, just life=good afterlife
4
Q
What was a Greek polis?
A
- new type of political structure
- own laws
- basic political and institutional unit in Greece at the time
- city+surrounding country side
5
Q
What made them Greek?
A
-language, culture, religion, united under Alexander the Great
6
Q
How was the minority treated in Athens?
A
- aristocracy governed Athens oppressively
- forced small farm owners into economic dependence
- draco: law applies to all equally
7
Q
Who was Solon?
A
- gained trust of common people
- freed people that were slaves because of debt
- made making people slaves because of debt illegal
- did not have the trust of everyone
- Pissitorus, Cleitheros
8
Q
What is the ecclesia and boule?
A
- ecclesia: assembly of all citizens (citizens went and voted)
- boule: council of 500 citizens (guided Athenian political life)
9
Q
What did the slaves in Athens do?
A
- domestic servants
- worked doing agriculture and farming
- tasks that were degrading to Athenians
10
Q
What is the gynaeceum?
A
- room in the back of the house where the women and female slaves resided
- women were not allowed to leave or mix
- secluded from society
11
Q
What was citizen women’s role?
A
- stay at home and oversee the household+children
- wealthier women spent most of their time in the gynaeceum
12
Q
How did non-citizen women live?
A
- had more freedom than citizen women
- did manuel work and sold goods
13
Q
What did pornai, palakai, and heterae do?
A
- poor streetwalkers
- hired misstresses
- attended social events with men
14
Q
What was the perfect relationship in Greece?
A
- between a younger man and a slightly older man
- same sex relationships between men were generally accepted
15
Q
Who was Sappho?
A
- lyrical poet known for her sexuality
- from Lesbos=Lesbian
16
Q
What was pre-Socrates philosophy?
A
- rational explanations for human nature
- building blocks of the universe
- fire,water,earth,air
17
Q
What was a Sophist?
A
- someone that questioned the beliefs and laws of the polis
- developed politics and language
18
Q
Who was Socrates?
A
- questioned participants to gain knowledge
- challenged traditional beliefs
- did not believe in Gods of the city and government decisions
- executed because challenging traditions
19
Q
Who was Plato?
A
- two worlds: changing with our senses and unchanging realm of forms
- idealistic
- platonic ideals: eternal, unchanging ideal forms that are the essence of true reality
- republic: best form of government, enlightened individual should have control
democracy: too undisciplined
20
Q
Who was Aristotle?
A
- true knowledge comes from observing the world
- empiricism: scientific method
- observation, logic, ethics
- tutored Alexander
21
Q
Who was Alexander the Great?
A
- conquers all city states in Greece, Egypt, Persian empire
- dies at 33
- Ptolemy becomes pharaoh
22
Q
What is patrilineal and patrilocal?
A
- inheritance through the males, kids get fathers name
- females leave their families and move in with the husbands family
23
Q
What is a republic (Rome)?
A
- state where supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives
- voted for 2 consuls and magistrates
24
Q
Who was Julius Caesar?
A
- military leader and smart politician
- turned victories into permanent gains
- emperor of Rome
- death: people believed he was gaining absolute power so he was stabbed
25
What was Octavian?
- Julius' adopted son
- takes overs Julius' position
- rules the west (44bce)
26
Who was Antony?
- ruled the east
| - had Cleopatra's support
27
What was the battle of Actium?
- battle between Octavian and Antony (31 bce)
- Octavian wins
- Cleopatra and Antony kill themselves
28
What are the negative and positive aspects of Rome's legacy?
- p: spread civilization, rule of law, spread of Latin, infrastructure and aqueducts
- n: slavery, fights within each other, too big
29
Who were zealots?
-zealots were people who encourage armed rebellion against Roman rule
30
Who was the Messiah?
-individual in the Jewish religion that is an appointed leader and that brings happiness to all Jews
31
What is a pagan?
- rural settler that practiced religions that aren't Judaism or Christianity
- religions devoted to traditional Roman Gods
32
Who was Pilate?
- Pilate was a Roman governor that sentenced Jesus to death
- As a governor, he wanted peace and order with no rebellions
- saw Jesus as a threat because Jesus claimed to be the king to all Jews
33
Who was Jesus?
- born in Galilee
- teachings were passed down by his followers
- preached of a heavenly kingdom of eternal happiness in a life after death
- devotion to God and love of others
- was based on the Hebrew scripture
- Gospels: records of his life, most widely copied and circulated
- teachings were first passed down orally then eventually written
34
Who was Paul?
- helped Christianity grow as he connected it in a non-Jewish way
- important figure in changing Christianity converts (Jews, Greeks, Romans+all social classes but mostly urban)
35
What were the factors of Christianity?
- promised immortality widely
- offered forgiveness (even the best Christians would fall into a sin)
- gave people in the Roman world a cause (striving for a goal)
36
What revolt occurred?
- 66:Jewish Zealots revolted to free Jerusalem from the Romans
- 70: Roman emperor sends force to crush the rebels (temple is destroyed)
37
What did Constantine do?
-legalizes Christianity in 312
38
What did Theodosius do?
- makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire in 398
- makes old Roman religion illegal
39
How was Christianity spread?
- through Paul's changes and developments
| - conversion and missionaries
40
What is the Qu'ran?
- sacred book of Islam
- was written by Muhammed's followers
- Muhammed died in 632
41
How did Islam expand?
- attracted people because it was straightforward
| - accepted Christians and Jews because they were people of the book
42
What is jihad?
- self-exertion
- strive and struggle
- lead a virtuous life and spread God's rule and law
- go to armed conflict to defend the faith
43
Who are the shi'a's?
- supporters of Ali and saw him as their divine leader
| - most countries had Shi'a majority (Iran, Persia, Iraq, Saudi Arabia)
44
Who are the Sunnis?
-saw caliphs as proper political leaders
45
What was Andalusia?
-southern Spain (Moorish) where the the Muslim Moors invaded
46
Why was Andalusia a pluralist society?
-harmony, great place to be, Jews and Christians were treated well
47
What was Cordoba?
- center of Jewish and Muslim learning
- 500,000 by 950
- water and sewage system
- cleaning streets
- 400,000 library
48
What did muslims contribute to agriculture?
-carrot, rice, sugarcane, eggplants, citrus fruits, figs
49
Who was Al-Khawarizmi?
- wrote the first work with the word algebra
| - brought the Hindi system of numbers from India to Europe and applied it to physics and astronomy
50
What did Muslim scholars do?
- translated and codified scientific learnings in Greek and Persian antiquity in Latin 1150-1250
- brought Aristotle into Europe
