Test 1 Flashcards
(44 cards)
What does IO psychologists study?
They aim to further the welfare of people by understanding the behaviour of individuals and organizations in the workplace
What is the scientist-practitioner perspective?
The view that IO psych focuses on both scientific research and applied professional practice
How has IO psych evolved since the 20th century?
The boom in the industrial revolution resulted in interest in work efficiency due to the support of capitalism
During WWI standardized tested was implicated (Army Alpha) for selection and placement which was incorporated into the workforce after the war ended, creating job analysis
The human relations movement then occurred and the hawthorne effect was found, leading to research on job attitudes, stress, and group dynamics
During WWII new selection tests were developed (critical incident technique and assessment centres) and research began looking at job satisfaction, motivation, cohesion
Post-WWII people demanded meaningful work and the Civil Right Act (1964) prohibited workplace discrimination to boost the economy and research occurs in discrimination, hiring processes, job satisfaction, poor working conditions
In Canada aa, the CPA was founded just prior to WWII in anticipation of the war to assist with selection and developing the M test (cognitive test)
In the 70s the CSIOP was founded as the CPA did not adequately represent I/O psych
_______ is considered the father of IO psych
Hugo Munsterberg
Which research design would you choose if you wanted to test a causality hypothesis?
Observational design
Quasi-experimental design
Correlational Design
Experimental Design
Experimental Design
Which of the following issues has become of interest to I/O psychologists following the rise of tech in the workplace?
Socializing new employees
Issues with job turnover
Leading people who aren’t in the same location
People working after retirement
Leading people who aren’t in the same location
As well as enhanced stress (always connected), and new ways of expressing aggressions
Which of the following best describes the major contribution of the Hawthorne studies?
Convinced researchers that any intervention will have a desired effect
Led researchers to think about workplace more broadly
Led to the rise of I/O in NA
Led researchers to pay closer attention to physical workplace conditions
Led researchers to think about workplace more broadly
Which of the following is a strength of quasi-experimental research designs?
Allow researchers to make cause & effect conclusions
Have the advantage of being conducted in a lab setting
Involve studying natrually-occuring work groups in applied work settings
Can randomly assign the participants to different conditions/groups
Involve studying natrually-occuring work groups in applied work settings
Which of the following is true of self-reports?
They reflect the true score of individual attitudes and perceptions
They cannot be used in experimental designs
They are inaccurate and unreliable
They provide concrete info on abstract constructs
They provide concrete info on abstract constructs
They are also a means to assess facial info that can be verified and a way to measure perception
Which of the following terms represents the degree to which a measure accurately describes the contract being measured?
Validity
Reliability
Conssitence
Bias
Validity
Which of the following does the reliability of a test involve?
The ability to make inferences about constructs from test scores
The extent to which scores are free from measurement errors
A set of systematically inrerralted concepts
The extend to which your inferences about a test are legitimate
The extent to which scores are free from measurement errors
Research assistants are coding interviews for the presence of specific leadership behaviours. Which method would you use to verify that these research assistants agree on how to categorize the leadership behaviours?
Intra-Rater reliability
Inter-Rater reliability
Internal consistency
Internal validity
Inter-Rater reliability
Future Inc., a high tech firm, wants to implement a new computerized selection program for its assembly personnel. First, however, it wants to ensure that the new program is at least as effective as the existing paper and pencil test. Last year, all entry-level employees were administered both the paper and pencil and computerized tests, but were hired based only on paper and pencil results. This year, performance data for these employees were compared with the computerized test results. What can this comparison best be described as?
an indicator of predictive validity
an indicator of equivalent forms reliability
an indicator of concurrent validity
an indicator of test-retest reliability
an indicator of predictive validity
__________ refers to people not showing up tow work even though they are capable of working, which is the opposite of ________
Absenteeism; presenteeism
Presenteeism has become a major issue during pandemics, where individuals come to work and potentially infect others
What are the various non-scientific ways of ‘knowing?
Tenacity - accept ideas as facts as they have been made repeatedly
Authority - accept statements as facts when made by a person of authority
Rationalization: developed through reasoning, independent from observation (may be biased)
Intuition - rationalizations made by a ‘gut’ feeling
What are the 4 general steps in the scientific process?
- Statement of the problem
- Hypothesis
- Reasoning & Induction
- Observation/Test/Experiment
What are the pros and cons of observational or correlational designs?
Pros: occurs in natural settings, results are applicable to other environments/popualtions
Cons: no manipulation of variables, no control over environment, no random assignment, 3rd variable problem, does not infer causality
What are the pros and cons of quasi-experimental designs?
Pros: allow manipulation and control of variables; allow study of behaviour in naturally occurring groups; occurs in natural settings; results are applicable to other environments and populations
Cons: no random assignment; 3rd variable problem, does not imply causality
What are the pros and cons of experimental designs?
Pros: allow manipulation and control of variables in lab settings, random assignment, eliminates 3rd variable problem, allows for cause-and-effect conclusions
Cons: artificial environment, results many not be applicable to other environments or populations
What is the difference between the null hypothesis and statistical significance?
A null hypothesis, H0, proposes that there will be no different or no relationship in the data collection across different conditions
If the null is rejected, the alternative hypothesis is assumed to be true and if there is only one chance in 20 (probability of 0.05) the chance is said to be statistically significantly
What is the difference between direct and indirect observation?
Direct - individual is observed, and the quality, frequency, or intensity is recorded
Indirect - focuses on products of behaviour rather than behaviour itself
What is the observed score?
Any combination of a true score and an error score
Researchers examined the relationship between studying hours and test success and found a correlation of r= 0.78. What can be inferred from this finding?
That there is a strong positive correlation between studying and test successful
What factors affect reliability?
Temporary individual characteristics (ex. not feeling well)
Lack of standardization (ex. change of locations)
Chance (ex. they did well with the questions you happened to ask)
