test 1

Question 1

Cardiovascular Parts

Answer 1

heart = pump
blood vessels = tubes
blood = fluid

Question 2

Cardiovascular Job

Answer 2

delivers oxygen and nutrients

removes carbon dioxide and wastes

Question 3

Anatomy of heart

Answer 3

2 small chambers (right +left atrium)

2 large chambers (right + left ventricle)

Question 4

What are the 4 main tubes of the heart?

Answer 4

• vena cava
• pulmonary artery
• pulmonary vein
• aorta

Question 5

How does blood flow through the heart?

Answer 5

arteries = away from heart 
veins = back to heart

Question 6

What is the pulmonary circulation order in the right side of the heart?

Answer 6

deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior & inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs

Question 7

What is the systemic circulation order in the left side of the heart

Answer 7

oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid/mitral -> left ventricle -> aortic valve ->aorta -> systemic arteries

Question 8

parts of the cardiac conduction system

Answer 8

• sinoatrial node (SA)

- atrioventricular node (AV)

Question 9

What does the SA node do?

Answer 9

located in the upper posterior portion of the right atrium, contains pacemaker cells that demonstrate rhythmicity

Question 10

How does the cardiac conduction system work?

Answer 10

SA node depolarizes -> AV node depolarizes -> Bundle of His -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje system

Question 11

What do cardiomyocytes do?

Answer 11

the cells that contract, “slow twitch”, lot of mitochondria

Question 12

Vasculature of the Cardiovascular system

Answer 12

• Arteries (away)
• arterioles (control the flow)
• venules (collect blood)
• veins (back)

Question 13

What happens during the Cardiac Cycle?

Answer 13

• mid to late diastole = both AV valves open, aortic valve is shut
• late diastole = atria contract
• systole = aortic valve opens
• early diastole = aortic valve closes; AV valves open

Question 14

what is stroke volume?

Answer 14

• volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

- end Diastolic volume - end systole volume = stroke volume

Question 15

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 15

• % of end diastolic volume pumped out of the left ventricle
• stroke volume/EDV = ejection fraction

Question 16

Cardiac output (Q)

Answer 16

• total volume of blood pumped per minute

- Q = heart rate* stroke volume

Question 17

Systolic BP

Answer 17

• highest pressure in artery

- generally 110 to 120

Question 18

Diastolic BP

Answer 18

• lowest pressure in artery

- generally 70 to 80

Question 19

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 19

• average pressure over the cardiac cycle

- 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP

Question 20

What is the cardiac output during rest and exercise?

Answer 20

rest = 5 L/min 
exercise = 25 L/min

Question 21

what is cardiovascular drift?

Answer 21

Cardiac responses to exercise demonstrate a “drift” after prolonged exercise at moderate-high intensity

Question 22

What are the causes of cardiovascular drift?

Answer 22

hypovolemia and hypothermia

Question 23

What is heart rate max?

Answer 23

max heart rate a human can achieve

-220 - age = max HR

Question 24

What is preload?

Answer 24

The degree to which the myocardium is stretched before it contracts.

Question 25

what is afterload?

Answer 25

The pressure against which the heart must pump blood. Determined by the peripheral resistance of the large arteries.

Question 26

General Hemodynamics

Answer 26

blood flow (all tissues require)
pressure (heart contracts)
resistance (force that opposes flow)

Question 27

What are the hemodynamic symbols?

Answer 27

Q with a dot = blood flow
delta P = pressure gradient
R = vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Question 28

What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

Answer 28

SBP increases, DBP may decrease, MAP increases

Question 29

Control of heart rate during exercise

Answer 29

• sinus rhythm (generated by SA node) 100 bpm
• parasympathetic (rest) = 60 bpm
• sympathetic (exercise)

Question 30

What is in blood?

Answer 30

plasma = 55%
erythrocytes = 45%
platelets and leukocytes = <1%
hematocrit = % of total volume of red blood cells

Question 31

what does blood do during exercise?

Answer 31

transport nutrients
temperature regulation
acid-base (pH) balance

Question 32

What is the Fick Principle

Answer 32

O consumption = (amount going in - amount going out)*blood flow rate