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Abnormal Psychology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychpathology

A

the field concerned with the nature and development of abnormal behaviour

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2
Q

Abnormal behaviour

A

includes such characteristics as statistical infrequency, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, and unexpectedness

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3
Q

Normal curve

A

bell-shaped curve, majority of people in the middle, very few people at the extremes

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4
Q

Clinicians

A

the various professionals authorized to provide psychological services

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5
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

typically requires a PhD or PsyD, 4 to 7 years of graduate study

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6
Q

Psychotherapy

A

a primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour to reduce stress

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7
Q

Psychiatrists

A

holds an MD degree, has had postgraduate training, called a residency, in which they have received supervision in the practice of diagnosis and psychotherapy

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8
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemical compounds that influence how people feel and think

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9
Q

Psychoanalyst

A

has received specialized training at a psychoanalytic institute

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10
Q

Social worker

A

obtains an M.S.W (master of social work)

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11
Q

Programs for counselling psychologists

A

similar to graduate training in clinical psychology but usually have less emphasis on research and the more severe forms of psychopathology

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12
Q

Demonology

A

the doctrine that an evil being, such as the devil may dwell in a person and control their mind and body

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13
Q

Exorcism

A

the casting out of evil spirits by ritualistic chanting or torture

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14
Q

Trepanning

A

making a surgical opening in a living skull by some instrument

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15
Q

Somatogenesis

A

the notion that something wrong with the soma (or physical body) disturbs thought and action

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16
Q

Psychogenesis

A

a disturbance has psychological origins

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17
Q

Asylums

A

refuges established for the confinement and care of the mentally ill

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18
Q

Moral treatment

A

sympathetic and attentive treatment

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19
Q

Community treatement orders (CTOs)

A

a legal tool issued by a medical practitioner that establishes the conditions under which a mentally ill person may live in the community

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20
Q

Transinstitutionalization

A

More care being provided in psychiatric units of general hospitals, rather than in psychiatric hospitals

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21
Q

Provincial psychiatric hospitals

A

provide specialized treatment and rehabilitation services for individuals whose needs for care are too complex to be managed in the community

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22
Q

Syndrome

A

A group of symptoms

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23
Q

General paresis

A

steady deterioration in mental and physical abilities

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24
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms

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25
Q

Cathartic method

A

The experience of reliving an earlier emotional catastrophe and releasing the emotional tension caused by suppressed thoughts about the event

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26
Q

Self-stigma

A

the tendency to internalize mental health stigma and see oneself in more negative terms as a result of experiencing a psychological problem

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27
Q

Mental health literacy

A

refers to the accurate knowledge that a person has developed about mental illness and its causes and treatment

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28
Q

Community psychology

A

psychologists seek out problems or potential problems, focus on prevention

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29
Q

Paradigm

A

The conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works

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30
Q

Biological paradigm

A

Mental disorders are caused by aberrant biological processes

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31
Q

Genes

A

Carriers of genetic information passed from parents to child

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32
Q

Behaviour genetics

A

study of individual differences in behaviour that are attributable in part to differences in genetic makeup

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33
Q

Genotype

A

Unobservable genetic constitution

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34
Q

Phenotype

A

Obserservable characteristics

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35
Q

Family method

A

can be used to study a genetic predisposition among members of a family because the average number of genes shared between two blood relatives is known

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36
Q

Adoptees method

A

Study children with abnormal disorders who were adopted and reared apart from their parents

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37
Q

Linkage analysis

A

a method in molecular genetics used to study people

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38
Q

Temperament

A

constitutionally based differences in reactivity and self regulation

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39
Q

Resilient type

A

cope well with adversity, adaptive, high functioning,

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40
Q

Overcontrolling type

A

overly inhibited and prone to distress, shy, lonely, moderate self-esteem and school performance

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41
Q

Undercontrolling type

A

prone to acting out and aggressive behaviours, delinquency, externalizes problems, school conduct difficulties, lower IQ and school performance

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42
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Change in the electric potential of the cell

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43
Q

Synapse

A

small gap between the terminal endings of the sending axon and the cell membrane of the receiving neuron

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44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse

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45
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

planting battery-operated electrodes in the brain that deliver low-level electrical impulses

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46
Q

Reductionism

A

the view that whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its most basic elements or constituents

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47
Q

Behaviourism

A

An approach that focuses on observable behaviour rather than on consciousness

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48
Q

Extinction

A

The gradual disappearance of the CR

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49
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Applied to behaviour that operates on the environment

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50
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

external events that tell an organism that if it performs a certain behaviour, a certain consequence will follow

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51
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of the presentation of a positive reinforcer

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52
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Strengthens a response via the removal of an aversive event

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53
Q

Modelling

A

Learning by watching and imitating others

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54
Q

Behaviour therapy/modification

A

Applied procedures based on classical and operant conditioning to alter clinical problems

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55
Q

Counterconditioning

A

relearning achieved by eliciting a new response in the presence of a particular stimulus

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56
Q

Self-efficacy

A

An individual’s perceived sense of being capable

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57
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

a stimulus attractive to the client is paired with an unpleasant event

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58
Q

Cognition

A

perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging, and reasoning

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59
Q

Schema

A

an organized network of already accumulated knowledge

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60
Q

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy

A

The aim is to eliminate self-defeating beliefs through a rational examination of them

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61
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

A

Incorporates theory and research on cognitive and behavioural processes and represents a blend of cognitive and learning principles

62
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

Changing a pattern or thought that is presumed to be causing a disturbed emotion or behaviour

63
Q

Id

A

present at birth and is the part of the mind that accounts for all the energy needed to run the psyche

64
Q

Unconscious

A

below the level of awareness

65
Q

Primary process thinking

A

generating images (fantasies) of what is desired

66
Q

Ego

A

primarily conscious and begins to develop from the id during the second six months of life

67
Q

Secondary process thinking

A

planning and decision making functions

68
Q

Pleasure principle

A

seeking immediate gratification

69
Q

Reality principle

A

mediating between the demands of reality and immediate gratification

70
Q

Superego

A

Operates roughly as the conscience and develops throughout childhood

71
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic paradigm

A

psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual

72
Q

Psychodynamics of personality

A

the interplay between the id, ego, and superego

73
Q

Objective (realistic) anxiety

A

The ego’s reaction to danger in the external world

74
Q

Neurotic anxiety

A

a feeling of fear that is not connected to reality or to any real threat

75
Q

Moral anxiety

A

arises when the impulses of the superego punish an individual for not meeting expectations

76
Q

Defence mechanism

A

a strategy used unconsciously to protect the ego from anxiety

77
Q

Repression

A

pushes unacceptable impulses and thoughts into the unconscious

78
Q

Denial

A

entails disavowing a traumatic experience and pushing it into the unconscious

79
Q

Displacement

A

redirecting emotional responses from a perhaps dangerous object to a substitute

80
Q

Regression

A

retreating to the behavioural patterns of an earlier age

81
Q

Rationalization

A

inventing a reason for an unreasonable action or attitude

82
Q

Sublimation

A

converting sexual or aggressive impulses into socially valued behaviours

83
Q

Psychotherapy

A

a social interaction in which a trained professional tries to help another person behave and feel differently

84
Q

Insight therapies

A

assume that behaviour, emotions, and thoughts become disordered because people do not understand what motivates them

85
Q

Action (behavioural) therapies

A

the focus is on changing behaviour (both use insight though)

86
Q

Free association

A

verbalizing whatever comes to mind without censoring it

87
Q

Resistances

A

a client changing the topic or going silent during free association, probe it further, usually sensitive or ego-threatening

88
Q

Latent content

A

symbolic content in dreams that disguises repressed material

89
Q

Transference

A

when the client’s responses to the analyst reflect relationships with important people in the client’s past

90
Q

Countertransference

A

Analysts feelings towards the client

91
Q

Interpretation

A

Analyst points out the meaning of certain behaviours

92
Q

Ego analysis

A

place greater emphasis on a person’s ability to control the environment and to select the time and the means for satisfying instinctual drives, contending that the individual is as much ego as they are id

93
Q

Brief therapy

A

Time-limited psychotherapy

94
Q

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

A

concentrates on the client’s current interpersonal difficulties and discusses with the client better ways of relating to others

95
Q

Role-playing

A

having the client practise new behaviours in the consulting room

96
Q

Humanistic therapies

A

insight-focused, based on the assumption that disordered behaviour results from a lack of insight, and can best be treated by increasing the individual’s awareness of motivations and needs

97
Q

Client-centred therapies

A

Based on the assumption that people can only be understood from the vantage point of their own perceptions and that healthy people are aware of their behaviour, inherently good, and goal-directed.

98
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

accepting the person for who they are

99
Q

Eclecticism

A

employing ideas and therapeutic techniques from a variety of schools

100
Q

Cumulative risk

A

the effects of being exposed to multiple risk factors

101
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency of measurement

102
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Measures the degree to which two independent observers or judges agree

103
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

measures the extent to which people being observed twice or taking the same test twice score in generally the same way

104
Q

Alternate-form reliability

A

the extent to which scores on two forms of a test are consistent

105
Q

Internal consistency reliability

A

assesses whether the items on a test are related to one another

106
Q

Content validity

A

the extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest

107
Q

Criterion validity

A

evaluated by determining whether a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure (the criterion)

108
Q

Construct validity

A

relevant when we want to interpret a test as a measure of some characteristic or construct that is not simply defined

109
Q

Structured interview

A

Interview in which the questions are set out in a prescribed fashion for the interviewer

110
Q

Evidence-based assessment

A

selects assessment measures based on extensive criteria including the reliability and validity of the measures and reading level required

111
Q

Psychological tests

A

Standardized procedures designed to measure a person’s performance on a particular task or to assess their personality, thoughts, feelings, and behaviour

112
Q

Test norms

A

standards that are used to interpret an individual’s score, which is meaningless without a comparison context

113
Q

Standardization

A

Collecting sufficient data for comparison of individual scores

114
Q

Personality inventory

A

when a person is asked to complete a self-report questionnaire indicating whether statements assessing habitual tendencies apply to them

115
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

The best-known and most frequently used and researched psychological test in the US

116
Q

Faking bad

A

accentuating deficits that don’t really exist

117
Q

Projective test

A

psychological assessment device in which a set of ambiguous looking standard stimuli are presented to the individual

118
Q

Projective hypothesis

A

The assumption that the client’s responses to ambiguous stimuli will be determined by unconscious processes and will reveal their true self

119
Q

Rorschach Ink Blot Test

A

the best-known projective technique

120
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

projective tests in which an individual is shown black-and-white pics and asked to tell a story about each one

121
Q

Intelligence test

A

Standardized means of assessing a person’s current mental ability

122
Q

Race norms

A

Revised norms for various racial or cultural groups

123
Q

Stereotype threat

A

scores fluctuate out of concerns about how the information will be used according to stereotypes

124
Q

Cognitive-behavioural case formulation

A

a provisional map of a person’s presenting problems that describes the territory of the problems and explains the processes that caused and maintain the problem

125
Q

CT scan

A

computerized axial tomography, helps to assess structural brain abnormalities

126
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

person is placed inside a large circular magnet for imaging, takes higher quality images than a CT scan

127
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

allows researchers to take pictures so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured

128
Q

PET scan

A

allows measurement of brain function, involves labelling a substance in the brain with a radioactive isotope

129
Q

Neurologist

A

A physician who specializes in medical diseases that affect the nervous system

130
Q

Neuropsychologist

A

Psychologist who studies how dysfunctions of the brain affect the way we think, feel, and behave

131
Q

Neuropsychological tests

A

tests to assess behaviour disturbances caused by brain dysfunctions

132
Q

Psychophysiology

A

concerned with bodily changes that accompany psychological events or that are associated with a person’s psychological characteristics

133
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

graphically depiects heartbeats

134
Q

electrodermal responding

A

skin conductance

135
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measures brain activity with electrodes placed on the scalp

136
Q

DSM-5

A

current edition of the official diagnostic system widely employed by mental health professionals

137
Q

Multiaxial classification

A

each individual is rated on five separate dimensions, or axes

138
Q

Mental disorder

A

problematic term that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries of

139
Q

Categorical classification

A

a yes-no approach to classification

140
Q

Dimensional classification

A

The entities or objects being classified must be ranked on a quantitative dimesion

141
Q

Sensitivity

A

agreement regarding the presence of a specific diagnosis

142
Q

Specificity

A

agreement concerning the absence of a diagnosis

143
Q

Kappa

A

measures the proportion of agreement over and above what would be expected by chance

144
Q

Outline for Cultural Formulation

A

designed to guide treatment planning from a perspective sensitive to differences in ethnocultural backgrounds and context

145
Q

Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)

A

semi-structured interview tapping four themes: cultural definitions of the problem; cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support; cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help-seeking; and cultural factors affecting currently help-seeking

146
Q

DSM-5 V codes

A

conditions or significant factors that are not disorders but can have a strong influence on treatment (homelessness, divorce, etc)

147
Q

Asperger’s syndrome

A

milder form of autism, done away with in the DSM-5

148
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

A

New disorder in the DSM-5, related to severe temper tantrums

149
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder in a population

150
Q

Prevalence

A

The proportion of a population that has a disorder at a given time

151
Q

Life-time prevalence

A

The proportion of the sample that had ever experienced the disorder up to the time of the interview

152
Q

Comorbidity

A

co-occurence of different disorders, the “premier challenge facing mental health professionals”

Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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