Test 1 Flashcards
Georgius Agricola
(1494-1555) German Mineralogist, “Father of Mineralogy”
Nicholas Steno
(1638-1684) Danish Scientist, One of the OG’s of Stratigraphy and Geology. (Principle of original horizontality, Princ. of lateral continuity, Princ. of Coss-cutting relationships)
Hardness (Physical Property)
How resistant an object is to Scratching. Uses Practical Scale/Moh’s Scale. Increases exponentially.
Moh’s Scale (Info)
Austrian Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. 1 to 10 Hardness scale.
Moh’s Scale (Actual Scale)
1-Talc 2-Gypsum 3-Calcite 4-Fluorite 5-Apatite 6-Orthoclase Feldspar 7-Quartz 8-Topaz 9-Corundum 10-Diamond
Density (Units)
(g/cm^3)
Avogadro’s #
6.022e23
Specific Gravity
Relative Density. Dimensionless. Ratio of; Substance weight : Weight of an equal volume of water @ 4C
Tenacity
Resistance to breaking or scratching. Relates to internal bonding.
Tenacity - Brittle
A mineral that breaks and powders easily. Ex// Halite.
Tenacity - Malleable
A mineral that can be hammered out into a sheet. Ex// Copper
Tenacity - Sectile
A mineral that can be cut into thin shavings with a knife. Ex// Chalcocite.
Tenacity - Ductile
A mineral that can be drawn into a wire. Ex// Gold
Tenacity - Flexible
A mineral that bends but does not return to its original shape when pressure is released. Ex// Sheets of Chlorite, Talc.
Tenacity - Elastic
A mineral that bends and returns to its original position upon the release of pressure. Ex// Micas
Tenacity - Tough
Its Tough (?)
Luster
General appearance of a mineral surface in reflected light. 2 types, Metallic and Nonmetallic
Luster - Metallic
Luster of a polished metal surface. They reflect light like metals and are opaque to transmitted light.
Luster - Non-metallic
Most common. Shown by many minerals that transmit light. Varies widely in appearance.
Luster - Non-met. - Adamantine
Luster of a Diamond, Highly reflective. “Brilliant”. Ex// Diamonds and Garnets
Luster - Non-met. - Vitreous
Appears as a piece of polished glass. Ex// Quartz and Emerald.
Luster - Non-met. - Resinous
Appears as a piece of resin. Ex// Sphalerite.
Luster - Non-met. - Pearly
Appears as Mother-of-Pearl with iridescent sheen. Parallel to well-developed cleavage plains. Ex// Talc and Apophyllite.
Luster - Non-met. - Greasy
Appears to be covered in a thin layer of oil. Caused by light scattering on a microscopically rough surface. Ex// some milky Quartz and Nepheline)