test #1 10/1

Question 1

Affective dimension of prejudice-

Answer 1

refers to how people feel about members of other groups

Question 2

Affective prejudice-

Answer 2

the emotional/feeling dimension of individual prejudice, attaches negative emotions to members of other groups

Question 3

Postindustrial society-

Answer 3

society dominated by service work, information, and high technology

Question 3

Ascribed status-

Answer 3

a position in society that is assigned to the individual, usually at birth

Question 4

Ethnic minority groups-

Answer 4

minority groups identified primarily by cultural characteristics, language or religion

Question 5

Genocide-

Answer 5

the deliberate attempt to exterminate an entire group

Question 5

Power-

Answer 5

ability to affect the decision-making process of a social system

Question 6

Institutional discrimination-

Answer 6

pattern of unequal treatment based on group membership that’s built into the daily operations of society

Question 7

Ideological racism-

Answer 7

belief system asserting that a particular group is inferior, ideology itself is incorporated into the culture of the society, passed on from generation to generation

Question 8

Life chances-

Answer 8

opportunities and access to resources such as nutritious food, health care, education, and a job that provides a good income

Question 8

Intersectionality-

Answer 8

theoretical perspective in sociology that stress the cross cutting, linked nature of inequality and the multiplicity of statuses that all people occupy

Question 9

Level of development-

Answer 9

stage of societal evolution: agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial

Question 10

Means of production-

Answer 10

the materials, resources, and social relations by which a society produces and distributes good and services

Question 11

Miscegenation-

Answer 11

marriage or sexual relations between members of different racial groups

Question 12

Social mobility-

Answer 12

movement up and down the stratification system

Question 13

Social class-

Answer 13

groups of people who command similar amounts of valued goods/services, income, property, education

Question 13

Prestige-

Answer 13

amount of honor/respect accorded a particular person or group

Question 13

Social constructions-

Answer 13

perceptions and ideas shared by a group, perceptions become real to the people who share them

Question 14

Stratification-

Answer 14

unequal distribution of valued good/services in society, the social class system

Question 15

Americanization-

Answer 15

model of assimilation in which groups are pressured to conform to Anglo American culture, also known as Anglo conformity

Question 15

Subsistence technology-

Answer 15

means by which a society satisfies basic needs, agrarian society relies on labor-intensive agriculture, whereas an industrial society relies on machines and inanimate fuel supplies

Question 16

acculturation-

Answer 16

the process by which one group (generally a minority or immigrant group) learns the culture of another group (dominant), also called cultural assimilation

Question 17

Assimilation-

Answer 17

process by which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially

Question 17

Birds of passage-

Answer 17

sojourners, immigrants who intend to return to their home country once they accumulate enough capital to be successful

Question 18

Capital-intensive technology-

Answer 18

technology replaces hand labor with machine labor, large amounts of capital are required to develop, purchase, and maintain the machines

Question 19

Cultural pluralism-

Answer 19

situation in which groups have not acculturated/integrated, each maintains a distinct identity

Question 19

Enclave minority group-

Answer 19

group that establishes its own neighborhood and relies on a set of interconnected businesses, each of which is usually small in scope, for its economic survival

Question 20

Ethnic revival-

Answer 20

movement toward salience for ethnic identity, began for european americans in the 1960s

Question 21

Ethclass-

Answer 21

group formed by the intersection of social class and racial or ethnic groups

Question 22

Labor-intensive-

Answer 22

form of production in which the bulk of the effort is provided by human beings working by hand. Machines and other labor-saving devices are rare or absent.

Question 22

Ethnic succession-

Answer 22

process by which white ethnic groups affected one another’s position in the social class structure

Question 22

Melting pot-

Answer 22

A type of assimilation in which all groups contribute in roughly equal amounts to the creation of a new culture and society

Question 22

Industrial revolution-

Answer 22

The shift in subsistence technology from labor-intensive agriculture to capital-intensive manufacturing.

Question 22

Human capital theory-

Answer 22

Consistent with the traditional view of assimilation, this theory considers success to be a direct result of individual efforts, personal values and skills, and education.

Question 23

Old Immigration-

Answer 23

Immigration from Northern and Western Europe to the United States between the 1820s and the 1880s, england, germany, ireland, france

Question 23

middleman minority groups-

Answer 23

Groups that rely on interconnected businesses, dispersed throughout a community, for economic survival

Question 24

Integration-

Answer 24

The process by which a minority group enters the social structure of the dominant society; also called structural assimilation.

Question 24

Multiculturalism-

Answer 24

A general term for some versions of pluralism in the United States. Generally, multiculturalism stresses mutual respect for all groups and celebrates the multiplicity of heritages that have contributed to the development of the United States

Question 25

Intermarriage-

Answer 25

Marriage between members of different groups; also called marital assimilation.

Question 26

New Immigration-

Answer 26

Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe to the United States between the 1880s and the 1920s

Question 27

Pluralism-

Answer 27

A situation in which groups maintain separate identities, cultures, and organizational structures

Question 28

primary sector-

Answer 28

Relationships and groups that are intimate and personal. Groups in the primary sector are small

Question 28

Protestant ethic-

Answer 28

Stresses hard work, success, and individualism and was analyzed by Max Weber in his sociological classic, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

Question 29

race relations cycle-

Answer 29

A concept associated with Robert Park, who believed that relations between different groups would go through predictable cycles from conflict to eventual assimilation

Question 30

Revolution-

Answer 30

A minority group goal. A revolutionary group wishes to change places with the dominant group or create a new social order, perhaps in alliance with other groups

Question 31

secondary sector-

Answer 31

Relationships and organizations that are public, task oriented, and impersonal. Organizations in the secondary sector can be large.

Question 32

segmented assimilation-

Answer 32

The idea that assimilation can have a number of outcomes, in addition to eventual entry into mainstream society. Some groups may enter the middle class, but others may be permanently excluded, marginalized, and impoverished

Question 33

structural mobility-

Answer 33

Rising occupational and social class standing that is the result of changes in the overall structure of the economy and labor market, as opposed to individual efforts

Question 33

Separatism-

Answer 33

A minority group goal. A separatist group wishes to sever all ties with the dominant group

Question 34

social structure-

Answer 34

The networks of social relationships, groups, organizations, communities, and institutions that organize the work of a society and connect individuals to one another and to the larger society

Question 35

equal status contact hypothesis-

Answer 35

A theory of prejudice reduction asserting that equal status and cooperative contacts between groups will tend to reduce prejudice

Question 35

structural pluralism-

Answer 35

A situation in which a group has acculturated but is not integrated

Question 36

triple melting pot-

Answer 36

The idea that structural assimilation for white ethnic immigrants took place within the context of the three major American religions

Question 37

authoritarian personality-

Answer 37

A theory that links prejudice to childhood experiences with stern, severe parents

Question 37

hate crime-

Answer 37

A criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by the offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity

Question 38

modern racism-

Answer 38

A subtle and indirect form of prejudice that incorporates negative feelings about minority groups but not the traditional stereotypes. Also known as color-blind racism and symbolic racism

Question 38

jigsaw method-

Answer 38

A learning technique that requires cooperation among students

Question 38

selective perception-

Answer 38

tendency to see only what one expects to see; associated with stereotyping in individual prejudice

Question 39

social distance-

Answer 39

The degree of intimacy a person is willing to accept with members of other groups

Question 39

scapegoat hypothesis-

Answer 39

A theory of prejudice that posits that under certain conditions, people will express their aggressions against substitute targets. When other groups are chosen as substitute targets, prejudice increases

Question 40

vicious cycle-

Answer 40

a negative series of events that reinforce each other, creating a self-sustaining, undesirable feedback loop

Question 40

Socialization-

Answer 40

The process of physical, psychological, and social development by which a person learns his or her culture

Question 41

split labor market theory- vicious cycle- a negative series of events that reinforce each other, creating a self-sustaining, undesirable feedback loop

Answer 41

When the labor force is divided into a higher-paid segment composed of members of the dominant group and a lower-paid segment composed of minority-group members, higher-paid labor uses prejudice and racism to limit the ability of cheaper labor to compete for jobs