Terrorism Flashcards
Social Causes of terrorism.
- Religion. people who commit terrorist attacks in the name of their religion are referred to as religious extremists. They believe and behave as if their ideology is true and that there’s no other way but theirs. For example, the New Zealand mosque attack in 2019 was carried out by a suspected white supremacist who wanted to become famous for talking Muslims.
- Radicalisation. Some people are brainwashed into believe in extremist views. It may be that these people are vulnerable and the group’s befriend them before they start feeding them extremist views .For example the suicide bomber at the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017 was thought to have been radicalised by Islamic state who claimed responsibility for the bombing.
- Retaliation. Some terrorist brought revenge for the way governments have treated groups and society. They think violence is the only way to get this message across. For example Lee Rigby was beheaded by two men in England because they knew he was a soldier by the Hoodie he was wearing. They posted the video on YouTube and stated that they killed a soldier to highlight all the Muslims who were killed by the British army in Iraq.
Political Causes of terrorism.
- Ideology. An ideology is a set of ideas about how country is run or how person should live their life. some countries are run by dictatorships or have corrupt governments due to these oppressive governments some groups of citizens may resort to terrorist activities to try and bring about change. For example, there has been a Civil War in Syria for over 10 years with different groups trying to see is control of a country.
- Corruption. Some people live in countries with corrupt governments in some countries this means budgets are using money of citizens for themselves instead of spending this on services for their people .For examples, south Sudan members of the political elite overtly abuse power for personal accumulation of wealth.
- Nationalism. Nationalism is a view that independent should be sought because of a common culture heritage and language. some people live in countries/religions where they want to be independent they feel they cannot achieve it peacefully so so they turn to violence to try achieve their aim . For example, the Kurdish militant group TAK want an independent Kurdish state in the south of Turkey and use violence in revenge for Turkish military operations there.
Economic causes of terrorism .
- poverty. Party can badly affect jobs housing and political stability which intern can lead to an increase in the conditions which allow extremism and radicalisation to take place. For example, a study of 185 countries by global finance magazine found some of the poorest countries experience high-level of terrorism and tend to be where large terrorist groups are located.
- globalisation. Sometimes terrorists are motivated by their deprivation due to globalisation. This is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through trade travel culture and communications and it has allowed people in less developed nations to realise their living standards are much lower than people in the developed world. For example in Somalia were most of the current generation has grown up in very poor living conditions and that probation people are vulnerable to the promises of the militant group Al Shabab.
- Greed. This may motivate people to join terrorist groups as it often control large amount of wealth al Shabab collects a lot of money from illegal activities such as taxing people who want to pass through their territory. For example a 2023 report from the Al Shabab make over $100 million per day.
Impact of terrorism on those immediately affected.
- Loss of life. In bombing incidents, victims can be hit with many pieces of shrapnel and may not survive. For example, 22 people were killed at the Manchester Arena bombing.
- Displacement. Due to the increasing threat of violence or their homes being destroyed many people will be forced to leave their homes. For example over 1.5 million people have flood Nigeria due to Boko Haram violence.
- Financial loss. After Titus to talk there will be a reduction in the number of tourist who visit that area/country. For example following the 2015 Tunisia which killed 38 people, the number of tourist visitors decreased by 50% year on year.
Impact on countries and their governments
- Disruption. Event such as tiredness attacks whether they are successful unsuccessful or even just a threat result in disruptions to the economy. For example following the Paris attacks in 2015 Brussels was put on a lockdown which meant that all businesses and services were made to remain closed for six days whilst the police and army sort the attackers. The cost of this was €51.7 million per day
- Increase security costs. Increase terrorism results in a number of security cost including the cost of putting extra officers on the streets the cost of policing possible targets such as airport or high profile sporting event. For example in 2018/19 the UK counter terrorism budget was £757 million further Qatar spent over $1 billion on security/protection of fans and players for the 2022 World Cup.
- loss of tourism. Tourism is for economies around the world war , tourism and conflict can have detrimental effect on nations tourism. For example countries such as Egypt Tunisia and Somalia have lost a great deal of income following terrorist attacks. Egypt is heavily reliant on tourism but lost $280 million per month in flight consultations following the explosion of a Russian passenger jet there in 2015
Motivation for international organisations to resolve terrorism
- To protect the people. The EU wants to keep citizen safe from terrorist attacks. For example through Europol they have put measures in place to share intelligence and try to prevent terrorism from happening in Europe. One motivation of the UN in tackling terrorism is to promote peace by prevent radicalisation and extremism.
- To promote peace by preventing radicalisation and extremism. The UN works to address the underlying factors that contribute for radicalisation and extremism ideologies. For example as of September 2018 the UN had around 90,000 uniform peacemakers in place.
- To defend its member states. NATOs primary purpose is to ensure the collective defence and Security of its member states. For example, NATO troop successfully stopped terrorist attacks being launched from Afghanistan on members since 2001 as no member has been attacked.
Responses to terrorism: international(non-military)
1.Cooperation between different countries police and intelligence services.As many terrorist organisations are multinational and and recruit from across a variety of countries, intelligence regarding potential terrorist threats must be shared must be shared between countries.For example Europol helps to share intelligence gathered regarding various terrorist threats across Europe especially regarding ISIS.
2.Introducing new legislation to strengthen their counter terrorism agenda.The EU attempts to prevent radicalisation of its citizens because they don’t want terrorist attacks or ground within their countries as this means their citizens will not be safe.For example from June 2022, it is now a law that internet companies must remove terrorist content from the we within 1 hour of a removal order from national authorities.
3. Sanctions.The UN can implement sanctions such as a freezing asset and imposing travel bans to deter terrorist activities .This could stop the financing or terrorism so it helps to ensure the safety of people across the world.For example the UN Security Council have frozen assists of all groups associated with ISIL and AL-Qaeda to try to stop the finance of terrorist attacks.
Responses to terrorism: international (military)
1.Have military presence in countries helping keep peace.NATO forces were sent to Afghanistan from 2001 until 2021 to deny international terrorist networks in the country the chance to organise and launch attacks on NATO member counties.
2.Military action. The North Atlantic treaty organisation (NATO) is a military alliance created at the end of WWII with the aim of avoiding any future wars. For example NATOS main role in Afghanistan is to support the Afghan government. This is done by training and assisting the Afghan forces to best protect themselves from terrorism
Successes of tackling terrorism international
1.Sharing of intelligence through Europol has stopped terrorist attacks from happening.Within the EU and returned “foreign fighters” to their counties . The European Law Enforcement Agency works to make Europe safer by assisting member nations of the EU in the fight against crime and terrorism. For example in 2017 Europol helped prevent 142 planned attacks including 70 in the UK.(EU)
2.Peacekeeping monitors monitors the peace process in countries all over the world. The UN peacekeepers can include soldiers police officers and civilians personnel.They try to maintain peace and stability in lots countries.For example this is therefore successful because peacekeepers act as deterrents for terrorist activity and they can report any suspicious behaviour.(UN)
3.NATO have arguably been successful in Afghanistan. This is done by training and assisting the Afghan forces to best protect themselves from terrorism and the threat of support for terrorism from happening again. For example NATO troops train Afghan troops and police to best protect themselves ready for terrorist attacked and how to respond when one occurs. Since 2019 NATO has had around 15,000 troops from 39 countries in Afghanistan working to prevent terrorism.
Reasons for impacts on other countries
1.Terrorist groups can reach out across borders to groom individuals online.Groups such as ISIS have used online content and social media to brainwash young people into travelling to Syria.For example Shamima Begum travelled from the UK to Syria at the age of 15 and married an isis fighter after being groomed online.She has now lost her UK citizenship and lives in a refugee camp in Syria.
2.Some people have traveled and or returned to the UK after being involved with foreign terrorist groups.There people could pose a high risk of commuting future terrorist attacks due to the radicalisation process connections and knowledge they held.For example the Manchester arena bomer Salman Abedi and his brother Hashem had both made links with ISIS memebrs when in Libya before they returned to the UK.
3.Negative impact may result from efforts of security services to monitor high risk individuals.Young Muslims may feel especially targeted by these measures and feel their own government is suspicious of them.For example ISIS hostage-beheader Mohamamed Emwazi had been subject to a high level of monitoring with saw as harassment as it resulted in two relationship breakups.
Impact on wider world
1.Requirement to provide international aid.It costs a large sum of money and requires many different aid agencies to work in dangerous conditions to help vulnerable people.The UN budget alone for providing aid to Somila via its various agencies was over $1 billion per year between 2019 and 2021.
2.Refugee Crisis.There is a large number of people that have been trying to cross Europe in small boats with often requires them to be rescued. For example, approximately 1.5 million people have arrived to countries such as Greece, Italy and Hungary by using illegal methods.
3.It has led to lots of European counties being more suspicious of refugees in the fear some are terrorists. The UK Government has expressed fear about both the scale and costs of this problem, and the fact that terrorists could be hiding amongst the migrants. For example The Uk had around 40000 people arrive illegally in small boats in 2022 and the Government has viewed this as a major security
International motivation
1.To protect people.The EU wants to keep its citizens safe from terrorist attacks.For example through Europol they have put measures in place to share intelligence and try to prevent terrorism from happening in Europe.
2.To promote peace by preventing radicalisation and extremism.The un works to address the underlying factors that contribute for radicalisation and extremist ideologies.For example as of September 2018 the UN had around 90,000 uniformed peacekeepers in place.
3.To defend its member states.NATOs primary purpose is to ensure the collectives defence and security.For example NATO troops successfully stoped terrorist attacks bearing launched from Afghanistan on NATO members since 2001 as no member has been attacked.
Unsuccesses of tacking terrorism
- there continues to be numerous terror attacks in Europe.The open border between the EU countries as well as the limited intelligence sharing between member states has allowed terrorists to attack at will.For example those who carried out the attack in Paris 2016 freely moved between Belgium and France and also managed to fly to Syria.
- Critics of the UN saver the organisation has failed as an international peacekeeper.Wars continue today and global threats such as terrorism remain. for example, Lebanon remain a very unstable and dangerous country heavily associated with terrorism despite interventions.
3.NATO is often drawn into conflicts which it did not start. due to NATO supporting different alliances, they have been dragged into war that aren’t their own. for example this has been the case with Iraq and Afghanistan in 2017 NATO undertook a bombing campaign against Syria and an anti-Tyler campaign.
Consequences of attempts by international organisations.
1.failures of the EU is terrorist attacks still occur. The open border policy between the EU countries as well as limited intelligence sharing between member states has allowed terrorist to attack at will. For example, those who carried out their attacks in Paris 2016 freely moved between Belgium and France and also managed to fly to Syria.
2.UN-there has been human rights violations in Israel.The 5 permanent members of the UN have the right to veto which means that even if just one of the five vote against a resolution such as military action the vote will be unsuccessful.For example the USA has vetoed 42 resolutions against Israel and critics say that Americas ‘pro Israel’ vetoes have lead to human rights violations that the UN could of stopped.
3.Civil war in sirya is still happening. NATO is often drawn into conflict which did not start. in 2017 NATO undertook a bombing campaign against Syria and an anti-terror campaign. The fact that Civil War continues in Syria suggests that the campaign was unsuccessful
Responses to terrorism:Countries (The UK)
1.Drone attacks. The UK has increasingly used unmanned aerial vehicles known commonly as drones to target terrorist living in remote areas such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Syria. for example they have killed top Isis commanders in the past between 2014 to 18 UK drones were used to attack almost 400 times.
2.CONTEST strategy. These are the tactics used by the government to stop terrorism from happening in the first place.In the UK this policy is called CONTEST it is carried out by the office for security and counter terrorism in Westminster.For example the number of people arrested for terrorism offences in increasing up until March 2015 299 tire suspects were arrested which is an increase of 31% on the previous year.
3. increased airport security. The UK has increased their security when it comes to air trouble since 911 on the numerous other attempted attacks at airports. For example, travellers now have to go through whole body scanners and are not allowed to have any liquids over 100 mls.
Responses to terrorism:countries (USA)
1.Guantanamo Bay.Guantanamo Bay is a US run based in Cuba and was opened in 2002 by the Bush government to hold detainees suspected of terrorist related activity or crimes .For example, there are currently around 30 inmates some have been in for years without ever having been charged.
2.The death of Osama Bin Laden. In the fight against terrorism the killing of bin Laden was a major breakthrough for the USA and the international community as he was not only the head of Al Qaeda but was also seen by extremists around the world as the leader in the fight against the West.
3.Trumps Muslim travel ban. in 2017 former US president Trump Banned immigrants and refugees from six mainly Muslim countries from entering the USA unless they had a clear relationship with America.For example, the law banned those from Iran, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.
Successes of respondents to terrorism:Countries?
- Due to the CONTEST strategy allowing them to make laws to respond to tourism. these are the talk texts used by the government to stop terrorism from happening in the first place. It is carried out by the office for security and counter terrorism in Westminster. For example the number of people arrested for terrorism offences increased up until March 2015 299 terror suspects were arrested which is an increase of 31% on the previous year.
2.The death of Osama Bon Laden. he was not only the head of Al Qaeda. He was also seen by extremist around the world as the leader of the fight against the West. For example in 2011 US special forces found and killed Al Qaeda’s leader on the 911 mastermind Osama bin Laden.
3.Use of drones. Dones has multiple uses such as gathering intelligence through surveillance listening to mobile conversations and actively attacking suspected terrorists. for example between 2014 to 18 UK drones were used to attack almost 400 times.
Unsuccesses to tacking terrorism:Countries
- Trump‘s Muslim ban being racist. in 2017 President Trump signed an executive order bombing people from six Muslim majority countries from entering the USA. For example this received widespread criticism as a being racist law and stereotyping all Muslims as terrorists.
- drones have killed hundreds of innocent people in the hunt for suspected terrorist. this sort of tactic is sad to fuel terrorism and revenge and can lead to increase terrorist attacks.For example UK air strikers in Iraq on Syria killed at least 26 civilians between March 2016 to 2018.
3.Guaranamo Bay violates human rights. It doesn’t allow inmates to a fair trial and tortures them. It is also very costly and has failed to deter further attacks.For example of the 780 people who have been detained there are only seven who have been convicted.
Consequences to terrorism:Countries?
- The U.K.’s use of drones to tackle Terrorism is that innocent people have been killed. The use of drones has been criticised as drones have killed hundreds of innocent people in the hunt for suspected terrorist. For example UK air strikers in Iraq and Sirya killed at least 26 civilians between March 2016 to 2018.
2.Guantanamo bay; human rights have been violated. it doesn’t allow inmates a fair trial and tortures them. It is also very costly and has failed to deter furthermore attacks. for example of the 780 people who have been detained there are only seven who have been convicted.
3.Tumps Muslim ban is racist and stereotypes all Muslims as terrorists. In 2017 President Trump signed an executive order banning people from six Muslim majority countries from entering the USA
