Terms1 Flashcards
Reinforcement
A basic behavioral principle that states that when a behavior (R) is followed by
Positive reinforcement
A type of reinforcement that occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future.
Positive reinforcer
the stimulus presented as a consequence and is responsible for the increase in responding when positive reinforcement occurs
Unconditioned reinforcer
A stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has no learning history with it. Examples: food, water, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation
Conditioned reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforce through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers
Rule
A verbal description of a behavioral contingency
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
A conditioned reinforcer that functions
Discriminative stimulus
Sd. An antecedent stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response class
Automatic reinforcement
A behavior-reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people
Premack Principle
A concept that says that making the opportunity to engage in a high rate behavior contingent upon the occurrence of a low rate behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior
Stimulus preference assessment
A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers and the relative preference value of those stimuli to increase the odds of selecting stimuli that function as reinforcers
Negative reinforcement
A type of reinforcement that occurs when the termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a response leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response
Contingency
A dependent or temporal relation between operant behavior and its controlling variables. If this…then that
Escape contingency
A contingency in which responding terminates a stimulus
Avoidance contingency
A contingency in which responding delays or prevents the presentation of a stimulus
Schedule of reinforcement
A rule that describes the contingency of reinforcement, or which behaviors will be reinforced and which will not
Continuous reinforcement
A schedule that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of behavior - CRF
Extinction
A schedule that withholds reinforcement for an occurrence of a target behavior - EXT
Intermittent reinforcement
A schedule in which some, but not all occurrences of a behavior are reinforced
Boundaries for all schedules of reinforcement
CRF and EXT
Maintenance of Behavior
A lasting behavior change
Two types of intermittent schedules
Ratio and intermittent
Ratio schedule
Requires a number of responses before a response produces reinforcement
Interval schedule
Requires an elapse of time before a response produced reinforcement
Fixed ratio (FR)
A schedule that requires a specific number of responses to be completed before a response produced a reinforce (i.e., FR1, FR3)
Effects of fixed ratio schedule
Little hesitation between responses; post-reinforcement pause; high rates of responding
Variable ratio (VR)
A schedule that requires a varying number of responses to produce a reinforcer
Effects of VR schedule
Consistent, steady rates of responding, high rates of response; no post-reinforcement pause
Fixed interval (FI)
Provides reinforcement for the first response following a fixed amount of time (FI 3)
Effects of fixed interval
Post-reinforcement pause in the early part of interval; slow but accelerating rates of responding; moderate rates of responding
Variable interval schedule (VI)
Provides reinforcement for the first occurrence of a response after a variable duration of time
Schedule thinning
The process of moving from CRF to Intermittent reinforcement
Concurrent schedule
2 or more contingencies operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors
Punishment
A behavioral principle that occurs when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus and the future frequency of a similar response decreases
2-types of punishment
Positive and negative
