Terms to know

Question 1

Stuporous

Answer 1

confused, sluggish, and foggy

Something that’s stuporous is slowed and muddled. When you first wake up in the morning, you may stumble around in a stuporous state. When a person is stuporous, she is confused, sluggish, and foggy.

Question 2

Somnolent

Answer 2

• sleepy*
• drowsy*

Question 3

emaciated

Answer 3

• very thin and feeble*
• especially from lack of nutrition or illness*

Question 4

Dupuytren’s contracture

Answer 4

Dupuytren’s contracture

is a hand deformity that usually develops over years.

The condition affects a layer of tissue that lies under the skin of palm.

Knots of tissue form under the skin — eventually creating a thick cord that can pull one or more fingers into a bent position.

Question 5

Heberden’s nodes

Answer 5

Heberden’s nodes

hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) (the joints closest to the end of the fingers and toes).

A sign of osteoarthritis and are caused by formation of osteophytes (calcific spurs) of the articular (joint) cartilage in response to repeated trauma at the joint.

Question 6

Bouchard’s nodes

Answer 6

Bouchard’s nodes

hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the proximal interphalangeal joints (the middle joints of fingers or toes).

-Observed in osteoarthritis

• they are caused by formation of calcific spurs of the articular (joint) cartilage.
• Much less commonly*, they may be seen in rheumatoid arthritis, where nodes are caused by antibody deposition to the synovium.

Question 7

Fasciculation

Answer 7

A fasciculation, or muscle twitch

• spontaneous, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation, involving fine muscle fibers.
• common, with as much as 70% of people experiencing them.
• can be benign, or associated with more serious conditions.

Question 8

ganglion cyst

Answer 8

ganglion cyst

fluid-filled bump associated with a joint or tendon sheath.

• most frequently occur around the dorsum of the wrist and on the fingers.
• common site of the occurrence is along the extensor carpi radialis brevis, as it passes over the dorsum of the wrist joint.
• ganglion cysts also may occur in the foot.
• commonly observed in association with the joints and tendons of the appendicular skeleton, with 88% ‘in communication with the multiple small joints of the hand and wrist’ and 11% with those of the foot and ankle.

They commonly are found near the wrist joint, especially at the scapho-lunate area.

Question 9

Turgor pressure

Answer 9

Turgor pressure

- the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

also called hydrostatic pressure

- defined as the pressure measured by a fluid, measured at a certain point within itself when at equilibrium. Generally, turgor pressure is caused by the osmotic flow of water and occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria.

Question 10

Provide examles of

Subcutaneous lesions:

Answer 10

• Rheumatoid nodule*
• Ganglion cyst*
• Lipoma*

Question 11

How can all skin lesions be described?

5 ex:

Answer 11

macule

papule

vesicle

pustule

nodule

Question 12

Macule

Answer 12

Macule —

a small patch of skin that is altered in colour, but is not elevated.

Patch — a large area of colour change, with a smooth surface.

Question 13

Papule

Answer 13

Papule —

elevated, solid, palpable lesion that is ≤ 1 cm in diameter. They may be solitary or multiple.

Question 14

Name

inquinal lymphatics

Answer 14

Question 15

Name

Axillary lymphatic and structure they drain

Answer 15

Question 16

Name Head and Neck

Lymph nodes and regions of drain

Answer 16

Question 17

• Muscle strength resistance*
• Check elbow flexion*
• name muscle and nerve*

Answer 17

• biceps muscle C5*
• C6 – musculocutaneous nerve*

Question 18

• Muscle strength resistance*
• Check elbow extension*

name muscle and nerve

Answer 18

• triceps muscle C7*
• C8 – radial nerve*

Question 19

• Muscle strength resistance*
• Check Wrist Extension*
• name nerv*e and spinal location

Answer 19

C7 and C8 - radial nerve

Question 20

• Check wrist flexion*
• name spine location and nerve*

Answer 20

C6, C7, and C8 -

median and ulnar nerve

Question 21

• Check* hand grip
• name spine location and nerve*

Answer 21

Check hand grip

finger flexion – C7, C8, T1 – median and ulnar nerves

• -Patient is asked to squeeze the extended index and middle fingers of examiner.*
• -Examiner normally has difficulty removing his/her fingers from patient’s grip.*

Question 22

Check** **finger abduction

name muscle and nerve

Answer 22

Check finger abduction

lumbrical muscles** and **ulnar nerve

Question 23

Always grade muscle strength on a scale of

0 to 5. 0

*0—No muscular contraction detected*

define 0-5:

Answer 23

Question 24

What to look for when inspecting the

eyelids, conjunctivae and sclerae

Answer 24

• -translucency* and vascular pattern of both the scleral and palpebral conjunctivae
• color of the sclerae (pigmented or icteric).

Note exophthalmos, ptosis, entropion, ectropion.

Question 25

exophthalmos

Answer 25

Exophthalmos

known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs.

It can affect 1 or both eyes and is most often caused by thyroid eye disease.

Question 26

ptosis

Answer 26

Ptosis

-upper eyelid droops over the eye.

The eyelid may droop just a little, or so much that it covers the pupil (the black dot at the center of your eye that lets light in).

Ptosis can limit or even completely block normal vision.

Question 27

entropion

Answer 27

Entropion is a condition in which your eyelid, usually the lower one, is turned inward so that your eyelashes rub against your eyeball, causing discomfort.

Entropion is a condition in which your eyelid turns inward so that your eyelashes and skin rub against the eye surface.

Question 28

ectropion

Answer 28

Ectropion

• condition in which your eyelid turns outward.

This leaves the inner eyelid surface exposed and prone to irritation.

Ectropion is more common in older adults, and it generally affects only the lower eyelid. In severe ectropion, the entire length of the eyelid is turned out.

Question 29

parotid duct

Answer 29

The parotid duct, also known as Stensen duct,

• drains saliva from the parotid gland into the oral cavity.
• It primarily secretes serous saliva.

Question 30

fundoscopic exam

Answer 30

also called Ophthalmoscopy

is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope. It is done as part of an eye examination and may be done as part of a routine physical examination.

fundoscopic exam can discover pathological process otherwise invisible

ex : recognizing endocarditis, disseminated candidemia, CMV in an HIV infected patient, and being able to stage both diabetes and hypertension.