Terms to know Flashcards
Personality
Sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others
Independent variable
Only outgoing arrows (not influence by other things in the model)
Mediating variable
Position inbetween two other variables (intermediates)
Moderating variable
Only has an effect on the strength of the relationship of two variables
Attitude
Evaluative statements or judgements concerning objects, people, events etc. They reflect how we feel about soething
Cognition
What do you see, hear, perceive, know
Affect
How do you feel about something
Behavior
How do you intend to act
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation given by job satisfaction and enjoing the work
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation provided by things such as Money (external things)
Distributive organizational justice
who gets what
Procedural organizational justice
How does distribution of resources come about
Job rotation
Doing the same thing at different places reduces boredome and increases skill variety
Job enrichment
More responsibillity enhances meaningful work
Emotion
Cause: specific event, intense but lasts briefly
Mood
Cause: unknown, less intense but therefore more persistent
Dark triad
Constellation of negaive personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy
Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance and believes that ends can justify the means
Proactive personality
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action and persevere until meaningful change occurs
Situational strength theory
A theory indication the way that personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation
Trait activation theory
A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others
Values
Basic convictions that specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence
Value system
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity
Terminal values
Desirable end states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime
Instrumental values
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values
Personality job fit theory
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupation environment determines satisfaction and turnover
Person organization fit
A theory that perople are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values and leave when there is not compatibility
Power distance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed equally
Formal group
A designated work group defined by an organizations structure
Social identity theory
A perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of a group
Ingroup favoritism
Perspective in which we see members of our ingroup as better than other people and people in our group as the same
Outgroup
The inverse of an ingroup; and outgroup can mean anyone outside the group, but more usually it is an identified other group
Punctuated equilibrium model
A set of phrases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity. The halfway mark is a wakeup call to all groups independent of howm uch they have already worked
Psychological contract
An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa
Interrole conflict
A situation in which the expectations of an individuals different, separate groups are in opposition
Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members
Reference groups
Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform
Status characteristics theory
A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups
What determines status
- the power a person wields over others
- A persons ability to contribute to a groups goals
- an individuals personal characteristics
social loafing
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually
Groupthink
A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action (members are under pressure to modify or suppress their true feelings or beliefs, because they don’t want to be a disruptive force, even when that may be better in the situation)
Groupshift
the way groupmembers tend to exaggerate theier initial positions when discussing a given set of alternatives to arrive at a solution
Nominal group technique
A group decision making method:
- Before a discussion everyone independently writes down ideas
- After this silent period you present one idea to the group (no discussion)
- The group discusses the ideas for clarity and evaluates them
- Each group member silently and independently rank-orders the ideas
Work team
A group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs
Self-managed work teams
Groups of 10-15 people who take on responsibilities of their former supervisors
Cross-functional teams
teams of different work areas working together to finish a task
Multiteam system
: A collection of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal; a team of teams (Car crash ambulance called firedepartment –> backup medical treatment at hospital… )
Team efficacy
Team believes they can do the task assigned to them
trait theory of leadership
Theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non leaders
Initiating structure
The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for a goal
Fiedler ontigency model
The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader
Situational leadership theory
A contingency theory that focuses on followers readiness
Path goal theoryy
A theory that states that it is the leaders job to assist followers in attaining their goals and provide the necessary direction and or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group and organization
Leader participation model
A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participation decision making in different situation
Leader member exchange theory (LMX)
A theory that supports leaders creation of ingroups and outgroups: subordinates with ingroup status wil likely have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction
Charismatic leadership theory
A leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behavior
Transactional leaders
Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction established goals by clarifying role and task requirements
Transformational leaders
Leaders who inspire followers to trancend their own slef interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers
Full range leadership model
A model that depicts seven management styles on a continuum laissanz-faire, management by exeption, contingent reward leadership, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence
Socialized charismatic leadership
A leadership concept that states that leaders convey values that are other centered versus self centered and who role model ethical conduct
Attribution theory of leadership
A leadership theory that says that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals
hofstedes dimensions
5 Differences in national culture and therefore values:
Power distance (inequality of power and wealth)
Individualis/collectivism (Act as inndividual rather as member of a group)
Masculinity/Femininity (Separate or same roles for men and women)
Uncertainty avoidance (acceptance or avoidance of ambiguity)
Long term / short term orientation
What influences job satisfaction
Personality (people who bleieve in their inner worth), Pay, and Corporate Social Responsibility (an organizatinos self regulated actions to benefit society)
Exit-voice-loyalty-neglect framework
Exit: Directs behaviour toward leaving the organization
Voice: Actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions
Loyalty: Waiting for things to get better
Neglect: Allowing conditions to get worse
Individualistic (countries)
Independent and desire personal goals and personal control
Collectivistic (countries)
Those in which people see themselves as interdependent and seek community and group goals
emotional labour
Situation in which an employee expresses organizational desired emotions during interpersonal transaction work
Affective events theory
Employees react emotionally to things that happen to them at work, and this reaction influences their job performance and satisfaciton
Emotional regulation
To identify and modify the emotions you feel.
–> Downside: Takes effort and is exhausing
Myer-Briggs Type indivactor
Personality test that taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
- Extraverted vs intro
- Sensing vs intuitive
- Thinking vs feeling
- Judging vs perceiving
The big five personality model
Conscientiousness: A persoanality dimension that describes someone who is responsible and dependable
Emotional stability: A personality dimension that characterized someone as calf, self confident and secure
Extraversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious and assertive
Openness to experience: A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity and curiosity
Agreeableness: A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting
Core-self-evaluation
Bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence and worth as a person
Self-monitoring
Personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors
Proactive personality
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action and persevere until meaningful change occurs
Situation strength theory
A theory indicating that the way personality transaltes into behavior depends on the strength of the situaiton. By situation strength the degree to which norms, cues or standards dictate appropriate behavior is meant. Researchers have analyzed situation strength in organizatinos in terms of (Clarity, consistency, constraints, consequences)
Personality job fit theory def
Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover
perception
Is a process by which we organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
Attribution theory
Tries to explain the way we judge people differently and is influenced by (distinctiveness, consensus and consistency)
rational decision making model
Assumes complete information ( Chooses highest utility)
Three-stage model of creativity
Three stages:
1. Causes (creative potential and creative environment), creative behaviour, and creative outcomes (innovation)
Survace vs deep level diversity
Ex. Ethnicity vs values, Character & interests
Theory: Hierarchy of needs
- Physiological (hunger, thirst, shelter etc.
- Safety security: Security and protetion from physical and emotional harm
- Social belngingness: Affecion, belongingness, acceptance and friendship
- Esteem: Internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement and external factors such as status, recognition and attention
- self- actualization: Drive to become what we are capable of becoming; includes growth/achieving out potential
Theory of needs
Theory that achievement, power and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation
- Need for achievement is the drive to exel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards
- Need for power is the need to make others behave in a way they would never have otherwise
- Need for affiliation is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
Self-determination-theory
A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial efffects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation
Cognitive evaluation theory
A version of self determination theory in which allocating extrinsic rewards for behaviour that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling
Self concordance
The degree to which peoples reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values
Goal setting theory
A theory that states that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance
Influenced by three factors:
- Goal commmitment
- Tast characteristics
- National culture
Self-efficacy theory (self cognitive theory or social learning theory)
Refers to an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
Increased through 4 things
- Enactie mastery (gaining relevant job experience)
- Vicarious modelling (Becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task
- Verbal persuasion (We become more confident when someone convinces us we have the skills necessary to become successfull)
- Arousal (Leads to an energized state so we get “psyched up”)
Equity theory
Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities
Expectancy theory:
Argues that the strength of our tendency to act a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness. The theory focuses on relationships
Job characteristics model
Describes jobs in terms of five core job dimensions
- Skill variety (the degree to which a job requires different activities using specialized skills and talents)
- Task identity (the degree to which a job affects the lives or work of other people)
- Task significance (the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining the procedures for carrying it out
- Feedback (The degree to which carrying out work activites generates direct and clear information about your own performance)
Motivating potential scores
Skill variety + Task identity + Task significance / 3 x Autonomy x feedback
Participative management
A process in which subordinates share a significant degree of decision making power with their immediate superiors.
Representative participation
A system in which workers participate in organizatinoal decision making through a small group of representative employees.
flexible benefits
Individualize rewards by allowing each employee to choose the compensation package that best satisfies his or her current needs and situation
Punctuated equilibrium model
A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity
- The first meeting sets the groups direction
- The first phase of group activity is one of inertia and thus makes slower progress
- A transition takes place exactly when the group has used up half its allotted time
- This transition initiates major changes
- A second phase of inertia follower the transition
- The groups last meeting is characterized by markedly accelerated activity
role
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit
status
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others
Status characteristics theory
A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups (derive from three sources)
- The power a person wields over others
- A persons abilit to contribute to a groups goals
- An individuals personal characteristics
cohesiveness
the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motiv
Four factors most significantly related to team performance
Adequate resources, Leadership and structure, A climate of trust, and a performance evaluation and reward system that reflects team contributions
Initiating structure
The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role in those of eployees in the search for goal attainment
Consideration
The extent to which a persons job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings
Fiedler contingency model
Proposes that group performance depends on the proper match between the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control
Leader-member relations
The degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader
Tast structure
the degree to which the job assignments are procedurized
Situational leadership theory
Focus on followers
-Successful leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers readiness, the extent to which followers are willing and able to accomplish a specific task
Path goal theory
A theory that states that it is the leaders job to assist followers in attaining their goals and provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their g oals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or oganization
Leader-member exchange theory
Theory that supports leaders creation of ingroups and outgroups; subordinates with ingroup status will likely have higher performane ratings, less turnover and greater job satisfaction
Charismatic leadership theory
Leadershipt theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.
Transactional leaders
Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements (leaders who inspire followers to transcent their own self interests
Authentic leadership
Focuses on the moral aspect of being a leader
Attrubition theory of leadership
Says that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals
