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CLEP Exam > Terms/Theories > Flashcards

Terms/Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Nuture

A

we are shaped by the experiences, which we encounter from birth

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2
Q

La Tabula Rasa

A

the theory that we are born with our minds as a blank slate

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3
Q

Nature

A

development is preplanned process guided by preprogrammed genetic info; predictable unfolding of events

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4
Q

Stage Theories

A

development occurs in stages; qualitative measurement

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5
Q

Continuity theories

A

development is a steady growth process; skills and behaviors do not change qualitatively

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6
Q

cognitive-developmental theory

A

the notion that one’s ability to think and process is dictated by physiological growth and interaction with the environment

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7
Q

information processing approach

A

uses the computer as a metaphor for the human mind to process info, changes in info processing capabilities and speed in relation to age

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8
Q

Reflex

A

innate response to a stimulus that is not learned

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9
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that automatically elicits a motor response that is innate

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10
Q

Unconditional Response (UCR)

A

a motor response to a stimulus that is innate

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11
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that is paired with the innate UCS (ex: the bell (CS) elicits salivation even though the food is the UCS)

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12
Q

Generalization

A

a stimulus similar to the CS that triggers the same CR (ex: same response to a different bell tone)

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

the ability to discern similar conditioned stimuli (CS) from the original CS (no response to a similar bell tone)

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14
Q

Extinction

A

termination the CR when CS is presented without the UCS (ex: the bell is rung (CS) but no food (UCS) is present, resulting in a ‘false alarm’ that is eventually dissociated with food

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15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning is controlled by environment, but the associated behaviors are influenced by reinforcement and punishment

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16
Q

Social-learning thoery

A

behaviors are not only influenced by conditioning, but also through observational learning; one can replicate the behaviors of others simply by watching

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17
Q

Psychodynamic thoery

A

personality is unconscious, early experiences shape our personalities

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18
Q

Rationalization

A

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

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19
Q

Repression

A

pushing unacceptable ID impulses out of awareness and into unconscious; motivated forgetting

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20
Q

Reaction formation

A

behaving the opposite of one’s feelings

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21
Q

Regression

A

reversion to immature patterns of behavior

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22
Q

Projection

A

attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, motives, or shortcomings to others

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23
Q

Displacement

A

shifting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target

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24
Q

Sublimation

A

a useful, socially acceptable course of behavior replaces a socially unacceptable response

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25
Q

Intellectualization

A

detaching one from stressful situations by handling an issue in an unemotional manner

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26
Q

Denial

A

denying an unpleasant occurrence

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27
Q

ID

A

pleasure principle, seeks instant gratification

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28
Q

Ego

A

mediates reality and ID; tries to combine ID demands with norms of society

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29
Q

Superego

A

morality principle, personal conscience; ignores ID, only rules of moral behavior

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30
Q

Sociocultural theory

A

a bidirectional relationship exists between the child and the sociocultural environment

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31
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

child influencing the environment as much as the environment influences them

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32
Q

evolutionary thoery

A

survival of the fittest; variations exists; some have better traits; the fittest survive and reproduce

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33
Q

ethology

A

comparison of human behavior to that of other species

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34
Q

critical period

A

a behavior must occur in this time or it will never occur

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35
Q

sensitive period

A

critical period in humans

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36
Q

correlational research

A

measuring two variables to see if they are related

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37
Q

descriptive or observational research

A

obtaining data without manipulating or controlling variables

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38
Q

naturalistic observation

A

same as a field experiment

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39
Q

case study

A

one subject in depth

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40
Q

survey research

A

researching a group

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41
Q

interview

A

not anonymous and body language/reactions can be read

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42
Q

cross-sectional research design

A

examine the differences between different aged subjects at one time

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43
Q

longitudinal development

A

changes over several years in a subject; dropout can occur

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44
Q

sequential research design

A

combination of cross sectional and longitudinal

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45
Q

turner syndrome

A

female has only 1 X chromosome (X0)

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46
Q

Klinfelter syndrome

A

male has an extra X chromosome (XXY)

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47
Q

germinal

A

2 weeks after conception, implants in uterus

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48
Q

embryo

A

2-8 weeks, formation of embryo, most defects occur at this stage

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49
Q

fetus

A

8 weeks - birth, organ formation, bone and muscles form

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50
Q

teratogens

A

agents that cross the placenta to embryo causing issues; dangerous at second trimester because of organ formation

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51
Q

moro reflex

A

extension of arms with loss of support

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52
Q

babinski reflex

A

toes move by foot stimulation

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53
Q

proximodistal

A

inward out development

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54
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head to food development

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55
Q

menarche

A

menstruation occurs 11-15 years old

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56
Q

climateric

A

menopause in females caused by low estrogen levels

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57
Q

habituation

A

decreasing attention of newborns to a familiar stimulus

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58
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus an observer needs to respond to a stimulus

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59
Q

visual cliff experiment

A

proved that infants have depth perception

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60
Q

size constancy

A

newborns preferred the larger objets even though it produced the same image on the retina at a specific distance

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61
Q

selective looking

A

young infants scan borders, older infants scan within the borders of an object

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62
Q

concepts

A

basic elements of thought

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63
Q

prototypes

A

objects that represent a natural concept

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64
Q

assimilation

A

child uses a concrete schema to relate another stimulus to (ex: sees a pony, yells dog)

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65
Q

accommodation

A

child changes thinking to recognize that the schemas aren’t parallel (ex: child determines that the pony is it’s own entity)

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66
Q

guided participation

A

adults transmit ideas and values of the culture to the children

67
Q

zone of proximal development

A

a child’s problem solving capacity without assistance

68
Q

scaffolding

A

providing assistance to help the child reach a point, can be adjusted based on child’s needs

69
Q

social thinking

A

talking with others

70
Q

private speech

A

talking to oneself out loud

71
Q

inner speech

A

silent thoughts

72
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating info to hold it, usually not stored in long-term memory

73
Q

chunking

A

breaking info into groups to more easily remember it

74
Q

retrieval

A

how is stored info accessed?

75
Q

recall

A

more difficult, a more vague cue (ex: what did you have for breakfast two days ago)

76
Q

recognition

A

when the cue triggers remembering, because the cue for retrieval is the info to be remembered (multiple choice questions)

77
Q

deferred imitation

A

modeling one’s behavior based on what they observed, retrieved from memory and reenacted

78
Q

transductive reasoning

A

no recognition of cause and effect

79
Q

animistic thinking

A

giving lifelike characteristics to objects

80
Q

conservation

A

volume/quantity will not change unless something is added/removed

81
Q

classification

A

organization of items based on shared features

82
Q

seriation

A

ordering objects from least to most amount

83
Q

personal fable

A

“no one will understand what I feel”

84
Q

imaginary audience

A

everyone sees the imperfection, you are the center of attention

85
Q

metacognition

A

capacity to be aware of one’s own thinking

86
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on one stimulus while ignoring another distracting stimulus

87
Q

HOME scale

A

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; measures things such as the amount of stimulation, play materials, parental involvement

88
Q

phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound that affects speech meaning (cat–>hat)

89
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest unit of language that has meaning (cat to cats, where s is the morpheme)

90
Q

Semantics

A

the study of meaning in language

91
Q

syntax

A

grammatical rules of language

92
Q

phonetics

A

study of sounds that are put together to form words

93
Q

pragmatics

A

includes the social aspects of language (conversation rules, politeness)

94
Q

psycholinguistics

A

study of mind mechanisms and language

95
Q

top down processing

A

most complex perception; using prior knowledge and concepts

96
Q

bottom up processing

A

least complex perception; basic info flows up to higher level

97
Q

semantic overextension

A

using the same word incorrectly for multiple object (all four legged animals are doggies)

98
Q

motherese

A

speech of short sentences with concrete nouns and verbs in a higher pitched voice

99
Q

expansions

A

child speaks, mother replies questioning child;s need in a fuller sentence that is grammatically correct

100
Q

recasts

A

child makes a statement; mother reaffirms child’s statement in a grammatically correct manner

101
Q

nativist theory

A

language is inborn, innate

102
Q

empiricist theory

A

tabula rasa, language is built from ground up

103
Q

balanced bilingual

A

ability to fluently speak both languages

104
Q

thoery of mind

A

understanding that people have mental states and the content of mental states guides their behavior

105
Q

gender roles

A

set of expectations about appropriate activities for each sex

106
Q

gender stereotypes

A

views about how men and women should act, feminine and masculine gender roles

107
Q

gender stability

A

the understanding that biological sex does not change

108
Q

gender constancy

A

one’s biological sex is not changed by appearances

109
Q

gender identity

A

an internalized view of the self as feminine, masculine or androgynous

110
Q

gender typing

A

socializing children about which roles are appropriate for males and which are appropriate for females in society

111
Q

morality of care

A

basing moral decisions on the impact of actions on other peoples or on social relationships

112
Q

morality of justice

A

basing moral decisions on the justice system in place

113
Q

seperation anxiety

A

when preferred caregivers leave and one becomes distressed

114
Q

ainsworth strange situation

A

distinguishing 3 categories of attachment based on the quality of the infant-caregiver interactions

115
Q

clique

A

small collections of friends spending substantial times together, more restrictive

116
Q

crowd

A

collection of several cliques, typically mixed sex, less restrictive

117
Q

social exchange thoery

A

two people meet, the costs and benefits of developing a relationship are assessed, and if the benefits are greater than the costs, the two will be attracted to one another

118
Q

hostile aggression

A

intentionally inflicting psychological or physical pain on another individual

119
Q

instrumental aggression

A

using aggressive behavior to accomplish a goal but not hurt someone

120
Q

relational aggression

A

form of hostile aggression that is aimed at damaging the social relationships of others

121
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration produces aggression and that aggression may be directed at the frustrater or displaced on another target like a scapegoat

122
Q

altruism

A

selfless concern for the welfare of others, leads to helping, giving behavior

123
Q

resilience

A

qualities an infant has who is at risk but overcomes those risks

124
Q

family systems thoery

A

the family is a whole unit with integrated parts; members of the family adopt roles as set by society; every member influences the family system equally

125
Q

beanpole family

A

household consisting of multiple generations

126
Q

reconstituted (blended) family

A

family of mixed individuals as a result of remarriage

127
Q

latchkey children

A

offspring that come home to an empty house after school because of working parents

128
Q

sibling rivalry

A

children compete during school age year to be better than their counterpart

129
Q

middle generation sandwich

A

adults are responsible for their parents as well as their own children

130
Q

collectivist culture parenting

A

hispanic and Japanese parents are more authoritarian and seek success for their children

131
Q

individualistic culture parenting

A

european american parents are more authoritative and allow for creativity and healthy risk taking, often because it encourages autonomy

132
Q

neglect

A

failure to protect children from harm or meet the biological and medical needs

133
Q

grief

A

the distressed response to one dying

134
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious methods used by the ego to distort realities and protect us from anxiety

135
Q

self-efficacy

A

Bandura’s term used to define a child’s perception in their ability to succeed at a task

136
Q

moratorium period

A

a period of time given to adolescents to explore different identities in preparation for adulthood

137
Q

activity thoery

A

adults who remained active and connected with other people were more satisfied

138
Q

disengagement theory

A

suggests that satisfied older adults followed a natural tendency to disengage from society and focus inward

139
Q

canon-bard thoery

A

emotions can occur when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and ANS

140
Q

schacheter-singer thoery

A

emotions occurs when physiological arousal triggers us to search for the reasons of the arousal

141
Q

attribution style

A

the way in which an individual interprets the causes of his or her behaviors, successes, failures of others

142
Q

internal locus of control

A

one who consistently contributes success and failure to effort and ability

143
Q

external locus of control

A

one who contributes success and failure to the luck and task difficulty portions

144
Q

learned helplessness

A

feeling of inability to complete a task, incompetent and low self esteem, due to parents who had high standards but low confidence in their children

145
Q

positive reinforcement

A

reward or positive outcome if a certain behavior is conducted

146
Q

negative reinforcement

A

negative outcome if certain behavior is conducted

147
Q

escape conditioning

A

the subjects learns that a particular response will terminate an aversive stimulus

148
Q

primary reinforcers

A

provides the basic needs (food, water, shelter)

149
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

provide desired values (money, grades)

150
Q

phonics approach

A

teaches reading to children through the associations between letters and sounds

151
Q

whole language approach

A

having children interact with the whole book or written passages

152
Q

project head start

A

for economically disadvantaged children to help prepare them for their future in grade school

153
Q

fantasy phase

A

desire to be a doctor or firefighter, without any thought of how to get there

154
Q

tentative phase

A

assessing one’s abilities and skills to self assess and see if they can do it

155
Q

realistic phase

A

process of actually selecting a career

156
Q

huntington’s disease

A

nervous system deterioration, dominant gene on chromosome four

157
Q

PKU

A

pair of recessive genes, can be managed by diet

158
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

2 recessive genes, irregular RBC shape

159
Q

CF

A

recessive gene pair, excess mucous buildup

160
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

pair of recessive genes, nervous system deterioration

161
Q

down syndrome

A

extra chromosome

162
Q

ADHD

A

combination of inattention, impulsivity and hypersensitivity

163
Q

Autism

A

no root cause, obsessive behaviors, is on a range

164
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

caused by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques

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