Terms Test

Question 0

Virtual teams

Answer 0

Information technology allows group members in different locations to conduct business. Everyone believes there is no substitute for face to face contact. No matter if using virtual teams, members should meet in person once

Question 1

Vertical differentiation

Answer 1

Vertical differentiation occurs in a market where the several goods that are present can be ordered according to their objective quality from the highest to the lowest. It’s possible to say in this case that one good is “better” than another.

Vertical differentiation can be obtained:

1. along one decisive feature;
2. along a few features, each of which has a wide possible range of (continuous or discrete) values;
3. across a large number of features, each of which has only a presence/absence “flag”.

Question 2

Delphi technique

Answer 2

Process to generate ideas from physically dispersed experts. It is considered a problem solving method developed by the rand corporation for technological forecasting. It is now a multipurpose planning tool.

Question 3

High context culture

Answer 3

Primary meaning derived from nonverbal situational cues. These cultures include China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico and Arab cultures. They rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others. Official positions, status, and family connections convey messages more powerful than words

Question 4

Cross-cultural training

Answer 4

Structured experiences to help people adjust to a new culture/country. It includes any activity aimed at enhancing the cultural awareness of employees to enable them to work more effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds. Page 74-76

Question 5

Transactional leadership

Answer 5

Focuses on interpersonal interactions between managers and employees. Focuses on clarifying employees role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance. The main focus is goals in the company

Question 6

Max weber

Answer 6

German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory, social research, and the entire discipline of sociology. Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) means, based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions. Weber’s main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and “disenchantment” that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity,[8] and which he saw as the result of a new way of thinking about the world.[

Question 7

Legitimizing myth

Answer 7

Various processes of hierarchical discrimination are driven by legitimizing myths, which are beliefs justifying social dominance. The Western idea of meritocracy and individual achievement is an example of a legitimizing myth, and meritocracy produces only an illusion of fairness.

Question 8

Medtronic

Answer 8

A major manufacturer of pacemakers, defibrillators and other cardiac devices.

Question 9

Hawthorne experiment

Answer 9

The Hawthorne effect was first seen in the 1920s at the Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works, from which the term derives. The Hawthorne studies were designed to find ways to increase worker productivity. n
1. (Sociology) improvement in the performance of employees, students, etc, brought about by making changes in working methods, resulting from research into means of improving performance. Compare iatrogenic, placebo effect

Question 10

McClelland

Answer 10

Well-known psychologist, studies the relationship between needs and behavior. Need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power. Page 148-149

Question 11

Skinner

Answer 11

Behavior is controlled by its consequences. Focused on behaviorism, respondent behavior and operant behavior. The behavior of organisms. He also looked at positive and negative reinforcement.

Question 12

Trait theories

Answer 12

Page 365

Question 13

Talcott parsons

Answer 13

Parsons developed a general theory for the study of society called action theory, based on the methodological principle of voluntarism and the epistemological principle of analytical realism. The theory attempted to establish a balance between two major methodological traditions: the utilitarian-positivist and hermeneutic-idealistic traditions.

Question 14

360 degree feedback

Answer 14

Comparison of anonymous feedback from ones superior, subordinates, and peers with self-perceptions. Page 204-205

Question 15

Quality circle

Answer 15

a group of workers who do the same or similar work, who meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve work-related problems.[1] Normally small in size, the group is usually led by a supervisor or manager and presents its solutions to management; where possible, workers implement the solutions themselves in order to improve the performance of the organization and motivate employees.

Question 16

Rensis likert

Answer 16

an American administrator and organizational psychologist based at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He is best known for survey research methods and for the Likert Scale, a psychometric scale commonly involved in research using questionnaires.

Question 17

Active listening

Answer 17

a communication technique used in counselling, training and conflict resolution, which requires the listener to feed back what they hear to the speaker, by way of re-stating or paraphrasing what they have heard in their own words, to confirm what they have heard and moreover, to confirm the understanding of both parties.

Question 18

Systems model of change

Answer 18

Page 426

Question 19

Kurt Lewin

Answer 19

Made most theories of organizational change originated from him. Developed a three stage model: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing; which help explain how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. Page 424

Question 20

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss

Answer 20

Kanter’s theory suggests that the way an organization operates is an integral component in how employees derive their attitudes and behaviors. The Moss Kanter theory proposes that employees exhibit different behaviors based upon whether certain structural supports were in place.

Read more: http://www.business.com/management/management-theory-of-rosabeth-moss-kanter/

Question 21

Empowerment

Answer 21

Sharing varying degrees of power with lower-level employees to better serve the customer. Recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience, and internal motivation. Page 348

Question 22

Chester Bernard

Answer 22

an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived.

Question 23

Mintzberg

Answer 23

an internationally renowned academic and author on business and management. 5 P’s of strategy Plan. Ploy. Pattern. Position. Perspective.
also includes breaking down workplace organization, management roles and management responsibilities to promote clear understanding of these sometimes complex concepts. Mintzberg’s basic management theories are designed to be of use to working managers who want to improve their management skills and their understanding of how work is organized.

Read more: http://www.business.com/management/management-theory-of-henry-mintzberg-basics/

Question 24

Argyris

Answer 24

Chris Argyris explored the concept of organizational learning and its impact on a company’s growth, effectiveness and adaptability. Argyris’s theories focused on single- and double-loop learning, the immaturity/maturity continuum, organizational communication and the effects of each of these on employee motivation, accountability and empowerment. Used double-loop learning

Read more: http://www.business.com/management/management-theory-of-chris-argyris/

Question 25

Authoritarian personality

Answer 25

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Question 26

Joint venture

Answer 26

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Question 27

Conflict management

Answer 27

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Question 28

Functionally based structure

Answer 28

Page 402 possibly

Question 29

Hofstede

Answer 29

Study identified 4 common cultural dimensions. Looked at individualistic cultures vs collectivist cultures. It describes the effects of a society’s culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research,[citation needed] particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication.

Question 30

Michigan studies

Answer 30

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Question 31

Peter drucker

Answer 31

An internationally renowned management expert and consultant. Had a Set Of Nine behaviors managers can focus on to improve their leadership effectiveness.