Terms Test Flashcards
Virtual teams
Information technology allows group members in different locations to conduct business. Everyone believes there is no substitute for face to face contact. No matter if using virtual teams, members should meet in person once
Vertical differentiation
Vertical differentiation occurs in a market where the several goods that are present can be ordered according to their objective quality from the highest to the lowest. It’s possible to say in this case that one good is “better” than another.
Vertical differentiation can be obtained:
- along one decisive feature;
- along a few features, each of which has a wide possible range of (continuous or discrete) values;
- across a large number of features, each of which has only a presence/absence “flag”.
Delphi technique
Process to generate ideas from physically dispersed experts. It is considered a problem solving method developed by the rand corporation for technological forecasting. It is now a multipurpose planning tool.
High context culture
Primary meaning derived from nonverbal situational cues. These cultures include China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico and Arab cultures. They rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others. Official positions, status, and family connections convey messages more powerful than words
Cross-cultural training
Structured experiences to help people adjust to a new culture/country. It includes any activity aimed at enhancing the cultural awareness of employees to enable them to work more effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds. Page 74-76
Transactional leadership
Focuses on interpersonal interactions between managers and employees. Focuses on clarifying employees role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance. The main focus is goals in the company
Max weber
German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory, social research, and the entire discipline of sociology. Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) means, based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions. Weber’s main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and “disenchantment” that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity,[8] and which he saw as the result of a new way of thinking about the world.[
Legitimizing myth
Various processes of hierarchical discrimination are driven by legitimizing myths, which are beliefs justifying social dominance. The Western idea of meritocracy and individual achievement is an example of a legitimizing myth, and meritocracy produces only an illusion of fairness.
Medtronic
A major manufacturer of pacemakers, defibrillators and other cardiac devices.
Hawthorne experiment
The Hawthorne effect was first seen in the 1920s at the Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works, from which the term derives. The Hawthorne studies were designed to find ways to increase worker productivity. n
1. (Sociology) improvement in the performance of employees, students, etc, brought about by making changes in working methods, resulting from research into means of improving performance. Compare iatrogenic, placebo effect
McClelland
Well-known psychologist, studies the relationship between needs and behavior. Need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power. Page 148-149
Skinner
Behavior is controlled by its consequences. Focused on behaviorism, respondent behavior and operant behavior. The behavior of organisms. He also looked at positive and negative reinforcement.
Trait theories
Page 365
Talcott parsons
Parsons developed a general theory for the study of society called action theory, based on the methodological principle of voluntarism and the epistemological principle of analytical realism. The theory attempted to establish a balance between two major methodological traditions: the utilitarian-positivist and hermeneutic-idealistic traditions.
360 degree feedback
Comparison of anonymous feedback from ones superior, subordinates, and peers with self-perceptions. Page 204-205
Quality circle
a group of workers who do the same or similar work, who meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve work-related problems.[1] Normally small in size, the group is usually led by a supervisor or manager and presents its solutions to management; where possible, workers implement the solutions themselves in order to improve the performance of the organization and motivate employees.
Rensis likert
an American administrator and organizational psychologist based at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He is best known for survey research methods and for the Likert Scale, a psychometric scale commonly involved in research using questionnaires.
Active listening
a communication technique used in counselling, training and conflict resolution, which requires the listener to feed back what they hear to the speaker, by way of re-stating or paraphrasing what they have heard in their own words, to confirm what they have heard and moreover, to confirm the understanding of both parties.
Systems model of change
Page 426
Kurt Lewin
Made most theories of organizational change originated from him. Developed a three stage model: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing; which help explain how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. Page 424
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
Kanter’s theory suggests that the way an organization operates is an integral component in how employees derive their attitudes and behaviors. The Moss Kanter theory proposes that employees exhibit different behaviors based upon whether certain structural supports were in place.
Read more: http://www.business.com/management/management-theory-of-rosabeth-moss-kanter/
Empowerment
Sharing varying degrees of power with lower-level employees to better serve the customer. Recognizing and releasing into the organization the power that people already have in their wealth of useful knowledge, experience, and internal motivation. Page 348
Chester Bernard
an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived.
Mintzberg
an internationally renowned academic and author on business and management. 5 P’s of strategy Plan. Ploy. Pattern. Position. Perspective.
also includes breaking down workplace organization, management roles and management responsibilities to promote clear understanding of these sometimes complex concepts. Mintzberg’s basic management theories are designed to be of use to working managers who want to improve their management skills and their understanding of how work is organized.
Read more: http://www.business.com/management/management-theory-of-henry-mintzberg-basics/
Argyris
Chris Argyris explored the concept of organizational learning and its impact on a company’s growth, effectiveness and adaptability. Argyris’s theories focused on single- and double-loop learning, the immaturity/maturity continuum, organizational communication and the effects of each of these on employee motivation, accountability and empowerment. Used double-loop learning
Read more: http://www.business.com/management/management-theory-of-chris-argyris/
Authoritarian personality
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Joint venture
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Conflict management
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Functionally based structure
Page 402 possibly
Hofstede
Study identified 4 common cultural dimensions. Looked at individualistic cultures vs collectivist cultures. It describes the effects of a society’s culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research,[citation needed] particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication.
Michigan studies
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Peter drucker
An internationally renowned management expert and consultant. Had a Set Of Nine behaviors managers can focus on to improve their leadership effectiveness.
