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Modern Church History 17th-18th Century > Terms & People > Flashcards

Terms & People Flashcards

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1
Q

Cuius regio, eius religio

A

“Whose realm, his religion”

  • Region’s ruler dictated region’s religion - Catholic or Lutheran (Calvinists seen as heretics)
  • Peace of Augsburg 1555
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2
Q

Protestant League

A

England, Netherlands, Denmark

  • opposed/feared Catholic Hapsburgs

Plan: invade Germany and restore Protestant Frederick to Palatinate

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3
Q

Albert of Wallenstein

A

Commander of Ferdinand II’s royal army

Catholic

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4
Q

Gustavus Adolphus

A

Swedish Lutheran King

  • purpose: defend Protestants and defeat Hapsburgs
  • very successful
  • died in war against Wallenstein in 1632

Wanted religious tolerance for Cath and Prot.

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5
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

End of 30 years war in 1648

  • now Calvinists given rights (Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists)
  • revert to property ownership of 1624
  • Protestant lands: if leader changed between Lutheran or Calvinist, it would not affect rights of either group
  • Austria & Bohemia - Protestants had no rights
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6
Q

Martin Rinkart

A

1586-1649
Pastor in Saxony
Conducted 50 funerals a day
Served people during the 30 years war; still praised God

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7
Q

Theodore Beza

A

High Calvinist
Geneva
Systematized Calvin’s thought
Civil government has no role in church governance

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8
Q

Jacob Arminius

A 
Predestination is tied up with individual's acceptance or rejection of Christ
Foreknowledge of one's choice
Holy Spirit allows faith
Not interested in speculative theology
Civil government has role in church life
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9
Q

Remonstrance

A

Arminius document (Netherlands)

  • predestination: people’s decision
  • Christ died for all; only some receive benefits
  • only come to God through grace
  • grace can be resisted (person’s choice)
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10
Q

Synod of Dordt

A

1617-1618 - Calvinism Orthodoxy
Canon of Dordt
- T otal depravity: human nature corrupted
- U nconditional election: predestination based on God’s will not foreknowledge of man’s will
- L imited atonement: Christ only died for elect
- I rresistible grace: if God gives grace, you will accept it
- P erseverance of saints: once saved always saved

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11
Q

Westminster Confession

A

Written by Westminister Assembly in 1643-1646

  • Calvinist, agree with Synod of Dordt
  • Distinct from Canon of Dordt in that it addressed a wide range of theological issues
  • very strict system, unrecognizable to Calvin
  • test of orthodoxy and divine favor

Issues

  • Scripture’s authority - same as Calvin
  • Sabbatarianism - distinctly English
  • sacraments (baptism and communion) - depart from Calvin to Zwingli who saw them as representational of grace and not mystical
  • strong stance against Baptists: infant baptism and doesn’t matter how baptism is conducted
  • communion: against Catholics (transubstantiation), against Lutherans and Anglicans (Jesus not corporally present)
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12
Q

Calvinism

A

Netherlands: Canon of Dordt
England: Westminster Confession
(Both from 17th century)

These are the main confessions of Calvinism. Gonzalez notes that the strict orthodoxy might have been unrecognizable to Calvin

Impact of Calvinism: Strict orthodoxy, sola scriptura, predestination, need to define everything and draw boundaries with Roman Catholicism, Arminianism, and Anglicanism

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13
Q

Quietism

A

(Mostly French) Catholic movement

  • Miguel de Molinos (Spaniard) - published Spiritual Guide
  • radical passivity and rest in God
  • Madame Jeanne Guyon
  • Francois Fenelon (1651-1715) tried to steer her ideas to mainstream

Rejected as heresy by Roman Catholic Church
*Roman Catholic Church was not monolithic with little movements here and there even after Trent

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14
Q

Jansenism

A

Movement within Roman Catholicism to hold onto teachings of Augustine even though they resembled Calvin and Luther (17th century)

  • doctrine of irresistible grace
  • justification by faith
  • opposed by Jesuits
  • supporters in France at Port-Royal Abbey
  • reforming zeal in France

Rejected as heresy by Roman Catholic Church; King Louis V closed down the abbey

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15
Q

Council of Trent

A

1540’s
Catholic response to Reformation
- condemned Luther and Calvin
- upheld power of the pope (pope supporters in France called Ultramontanism vs. Gallicanism who upheld rights of French church)

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16
Q

God’s Eternal Decree

A

Predestination

  • God from all eternity… Ordained what will pass not because he foresaw but because he decreed it
  • in Synod of Dordt & Westminster Confession
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17
Q

Sabbatarianism

A

Mostly Puritan concern

  • influence in Britain and then in America
  • all OT regulations apply to Christians
  • hallmark of Westminster divines and Puritans
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18
Q

Lutheran Orthodoxy

A

Systematized, strict, rigid
Give correct answer

Protestant scholasticism

  • detailed explications
  • Aristotelian method
  • highly academic (rely on authorities)
  • theologians were now scholars not pastors
    • Formula of Concord of 1577

Legacy of confessionalism & doctrine of inspiration (every word inspired)
- Lutheran confessions outlined truth that needed to be confessed (not just essentials but all)

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19
Q

Melanchthon

A

Lutheran theologian after Luther

  • followers called “Philippists”
  • distinguished between essentials and peripherals of faith
  • strict Lutherans reacted against him and produced Formula of Concord of 1577
  • differed on views of communion
20
Q

Georg Calixtus

A

Lutheran

  • distinguished between essentials and secondary
  • heretical (if differ on essentials)
  • in error (if differ on secondary)
  • don’t break communion over secondary things
  • essentials = consensus of first 5 centuries; this gave tradition some authority which Luther had denied
  • seen as syncretism
21
Q

Deism

A

Herbert of Cherbury: Father of English Deism
- 5 tenets: God exists, we must worship him, by virtuous living, and repenting of sin, rewards & punishments follow death

John Toland: Christianity not Mysterious
- prune away things from Christianity that were not from rational thought

Christianity needs to make sense!
Confidence in human mind, disinterest in dogmatic and mysterious; orthodoxies look out of date

22
Q

Pietism

A
  • essence of Christianity is relationship with God not doctrine/liturgy
  • experiential and feelings > belief
  • religious idealism: Faith is a higher way, emphasize higher way, narrow way
  • conventicles: small groups outside structures of church
  • strong biblical emphasis
  • movement asserting itself over and against institutional church and business as usual (against nominal Christianity)
  • emphasize conversion, preach to heart (vs. to the mind/doctrine)
  • gave birth to Protestant missions and social outreach
  • ecumenical: unconcerned about theological differences among Protestants

Downside

  • subjective, uninterested in doctrine
  • self = center
  • dramatic conversion could lead to judgment against some
  • moralistic
  • non-intellectual
  • emotional excesses
  • reaction against dry orthodoxy in Churches
23
Q

Puritan Pietists

A

Some Puritans not as strict about Westminster Confession

Richard Baxter
- insisted on good pastoral work

John Bunyan
- Pilgrim’s Progress

Jeremy Taylor

  • Holy Living book
  • high church sacramental flavor
  • living a life pleasing to God; holy life; strenuous Christian life
24
Q

Reformed Pietists

A 
Wilhelm Teelinck (Dutch)
- Sound doctrine must be accompanied by a godly life
William Ames (English in Netherlands)
- faith is testing of heart in God

Van Lodensteyn

  • theology should be separate from university
  • repentance as key to Christian life
25
Q

Lutheran Pietism

A

Germany
- response to 30 years war and orthodoxy

Johannes Arndt

  • wrote True Christianity 1605 (vs. nominal)
  • praise with mouth but lead unchristian life = nominal not true

Spener (1635-1705)

  • small groups
  • Pia Desideria: lay people take bigger responsibility for spiritual lives, colleges of piety/small groups, pastors must be true Christians, Christianity as transformed life, preaching on devotional life not doctrinal themes
  • emphasize sanctification (though Lutherans focused on justification)
  • proposed ways to reform (small groups)

Francke (1663-1727)

  • university of Halle: attracted many students with pietism movement
  • school for poor kids
  • center of foreign missions

Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676)

  • hymn writer: personal vs. didactic
  • what does this mean for me
  • O Sacred Head Now Wounded
26
Q

Spener

A

Spener (1635-1705)

  • Lutheran Pietist
  • small groups
  • Pia Desideria: lay people take bigger responsibility for spiritual lives, colleges of piety/small groups, pastors must be true Christians, Christianity as transformed life, preaching on devotional life not doctrinal themes
  • emphasize sanctification (though Lutherans focused on justification)
  • proposed ways to reform (small groups)
27
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

1598
General freedom for Protestants in France

Revoked in 1685 by Henry XIV
Protestantism outlawed

Many Huguenots left France to Virginia and South Carolina

28
Q

George Fox

A

1624-1691

“Inner light”
Scripture is not only source of revelation
Reject professional ministry: only qualification is the inner light so anyone can be a minister
Sacraments are inward and spiritual, don’t need them
Oaths should not be sworn (tension with government)
Reject artificial titles
War is unlawful
Slavery abhorrent

  • got in trouble with government, didn’t do anything in secret
  • toleration act of 1689 helped them

Early Society of Friends
Quakers - William Penn didn’t take off hat for King but should be “quaking” before the Lord

29
Q

Scotland

A

Presbyterians dominated.
United with England under British monarchy but rejected move to impose Anglican liturgy

Covenanters = radical Presbyterians

Civil War of 1644-47

Charles II tried to enforce episcopacy in 1660 - Killing Time

Ultimately, Presbyterians won and adopted Westminster Confession, Scottish church independent from monarch/state

30
Q

Rationalism

A

Exalting human reason
Aristotelian: emphasize observation

Descartes

31
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Roman Catholic
- Start with undeniable axiom and prove things according to that (I exist)

Start with doubt (not with previous scholastic authorities)

  • cogito, ergo sum: i think therefore I am; I exist
  • God must exist because I can conceive of this higher being only because God must have put this idea there
  • Cartesianism

Influenced many following him: Malabranche, Spinoza, Leibniz

32
Q

Spinoza

A

Monism: attributes of 1 substance

33
Q

John Locke

A

English; similar to Cambridge Platonists
Reasonableness of Christianity

Religion is in some sense beyond reason but it cannot contradict reason

  • faith and reason in harmony
  • (reason is the candle of the Lord)

God created universe of rational laws and gave us reason to understand the laws

(In England, widespread reaction against Calvinism because of doctrinal wars; shift to reason)

34
Q

Peter Bohler

A

Moravian influence on John Wesley’s Aldersgate conversion

- Moravians were Pietists, emphasize conversion and personal relationship with God

35
Q

Nikolaus von Zinzendorf

A

Pietist in Germany (1700-1760)

  • turned Moravian
  • gave refuge to Moravians at Hernnhut (former Unitas Fratum - Bohemian Brethren)
  • theology centered on Christ but in emotional, almost erotic way
  • missionary (stirred things up, rogue, UN-orthodox)

Moravians

  • hymns
  • missionary zeal
  • influence on John Wesley
36
Q

Theodore Frelinghuysen

A

1691-1748

Dutch Reformed pastor in NJ in 1720

  • saw congregations as formalistic
  • preached conversion and holiness
  • only allowed penitent to communion, which stirred up controversy
  • beginnings of revival in some congregations
37
Q

William Tennent

A

Scots Irish Presbyterian immigrated ca. 1717

  • est. Log College to train pastors in pietistic, revivalistic style
  • schism among Presbyterians: strict Calvinists (emphasize strict doctrine and Westminster Confession) and Calvinists who emphasized experience and personal piety
38
Q

Gilbert Tennent

A

1703-1764

  • evangelical style opposed by pro-subscriptionist (subscribe to Westminster Confession)
  • listeners responded emotionally to his preaching
  • no regard for parish boundaries
  • criticized “unconverted” clergy and ministries, called some Pharisees
  • messages drew crowds
39
Q

George Whitefield

A

1714-1770
Transatlantic revival

Itinerant evangelist: charismatic, emotional preacher; met Tennents and traveled up and down the coast

  • accused of being an enthusiast - superficial piety without depth
  • not allowed to preach in English churches so he started preaching in the fields, drawing 1000s

*new Wesleys at Oxford, conversion in 1735

40
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

1703-1758, New England

  • theologian
  • firm Calvinist
  • surprised at emotional response to his preaching in his parish, not itinerant preacher
  • wrote: Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1738)
  • Treatise Concerning the Religious Affections - gave theological underpinning of the role of emotions in faith
41
Q

Great Awakening

A

18th century America

  • revival and renewal of religion
  • significant in history of American Christianity
  • fed off Evangelical Revival in England and vice versa, largely because of transatlantic journeys of Whitefield, Wesley, Moravians
42
Q

John Wesley

A

Anglican clergyman turned Methodist

  • holy club at Oxford: methodical study, dedicate all of self to God
  • missionary trip to Georgia: encountered Moravians and had crisis of faith
  • Aldersgate conversion experience among Moravians’ influence
  • assurance from experience of faith/peace

Started preaching with Whitefield in the fields

  • saw thousands come
  • organized people in small groups and societies; great organizer
  • didn’t want to break with Anglican Church but wanted to see it renewed

Emphasized

  • Christian perfection: sanctification, holiness, not anti-nomian
  • not Calvinist view of predestination; election is conditional
  • faith as experiential
  • against schism
  • justification: seek assurance of faith, warmed heart
43
Q

Francis Xavier

A

Jesuit missionary priest

  • India: work with Thomas Christians who scarcely understood why they needed to submit to Rome
  • Japan: focused on conversion of elites through accommodation of local dress and food; gained trust but later missionaries broke trust and were banned
  • hoped to go to China but never made it
44
Q

Mateo Ricci

A

Italian missionary to China

  • approached Chinese culture with respect to win over leaders
  • learned language
  • emphasized points of congruence between Christianity and Chinese beliefs; he had to read their scholars to do this
  • also shared mathematical and scientific knowledge
  • controversy over Chinese rites: Ricci allowed reverence but not sacrifices or prayers to ancestors
45
Q

Francis Xavier

A

Jesuit missionary priest

  • India: work with Thomas Christians who scarcely understood why they needed to submit to Rome
  • Japan: focused on conversion of elites through accommodation of local dress and food; gained trust but later missionaries broke trust and were banned
  • hoped to go to China but never made it
46
Q

Mateo Ricci

A

Italian missionary to China

  • approached Chinese culture with respect to win over leaders
  • learned language
  • emphasized points of congruence between Christianity and Chinese beliefs; he had to read their scholars to do this
  • also shared mathematical and scientific knowledge
  • controversy over Chinese rites: Ricci allowed reverence but not sacrifices or prayers to ancestors

Modern Church History 17th-18th Century (2 decks)

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