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FW 104 Wildlife Ecology And Conservation > Terms Overveiw > Flashcards

Terms Overveiw Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living components of the environment

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2
Q

Acclimation

A

Environmentally induced change through long term exposure in an individual’s physiological rate or other capacity to perform a function

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3
Q

Active Management

A

Direct manipulation of animal populations (e.g. translocation, hunt)

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

Genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristics that enhance the chances for members of a population to survive and reproduce in their environment.

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5
Q

Additive Mortality

A

Concept in which the effect of the one kind of morality is added to those of the other sources of morality

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6
Q

Age Structure

A

Distribution of the number of individuals of various ages

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7
Q

Aesthetics (Esthetics)

A

Possessing qualities that are appreciated fro their beauty or emotional value

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8
Q

Aestivation

A

The shutting down of metabolic processes during the summer in response to hot to dry conditions

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9
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupies the same relative position or locus on homologous chromosomes. In a diploid organism, each individual inherits one allele from each parent.

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10
Q

Alien (Exotic/Non-Native)

A

Any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to that ecosystem

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11
Q

Altricial

A

Born or hatched relatively undeveloped and remaining in the nest for substantial period

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12
Q

Amensalism

A

relationship between two species where one is inhibited or harmed and one is unaffected

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13
Q

Anadromous

A

fish that begin life in freshwater, travel to and mature in the sea, and return to their native stream to reproduce

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14
Q

Anthropomorphic

A

described or thought of as having a human form or human attributes; ascribing human characteristics to
nonhuman things

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15
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

no sunlight -> no photosynthesis

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16
Q

Aquifer

A

a subterranean layer of porous water-bearing rock, gravel, or sand

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17
Q

Autotrophs

A

producers; organisms that are capable of converting solar energy to chemical energy (sugar) by photosynthesis

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18
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

reproduction (as cell division, spore formation, fission, or budding) without union of individuals or
gametes

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19
Q

Bag Limit

A

number of animals that can be taken in a unit of time, usually a day; called “creel limit” for anglers (e.g., “6 trout per day”)

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20
Q

Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) Study

A

collection of data before and after an event to determine ecological impact

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21
Q

Benthic

A

pertaining to the lowermost region of an aquatic system

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22
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

increase or build-up of a chemical substance in an organism or part of an organism

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23
Q

Biomagnification (Bioamplification)

A

increase or build-up of a chemical substance in a food chain

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24
Q

Biodiversity

A

diversity of life; includes genetic, species, community, and ecosystem diversity as well as ecological processes

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25
Q

Biogeochemical Cycles

A

movement of elements or compounds through living organisms and nonliving environments in a more
or less circular pathway

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26
Q

Biomass

A

total quantity of living organisms per unit of space

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27
Q

Biomes

A

large, relatively distinct ecological systems characterized by particular climate, soil, plants, and animals

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28
Q

Biosphere

A

zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist

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29
Q

Biota

A

all the plants and animals within an area or region

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30
Q

Biotic Potential

A

maximum rate at which population can grow when no resources are limiting (r_m)

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31
Q

Birth/Natalies Rate

A

number of births per number of individuals over a specified time period

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32
Q

Bottom-up Control

A

when the abundance of trophic groups in nature are determined by the amount of energy available from the producers in a community

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33
Q

Brood

A

a family of young birds from a single mother; sometimes applied to fish and reptiles

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34
Q

Bycatch

A

captured marine organisms, including fish, shellfish, oceanic birds, and marine mammals that are not the target species

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35
Q

Candidate Species

A

species that warrant listing but are precluded by higher workload priorities

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36
Q

Catadormous

A

a fish that grows to sexual maturity in fresh water but migrates to the ocean for spawning

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37
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • compact structures consisting of long strands of DNA that are wound around proteins
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38
Q

Climate Forcings

A

an event that can change the balance between incoming and outgoing energy in the climate system, both natural and anthropogenic

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39
Q

Climax

A

“final” stage of ecological succession that remains in dynamic equilibrium for a relatively long time

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40
Q

Codon

A

series of three base pairs, code for a gene

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41
Q

Coevolution

A

two or more species interacting over a long period of time that have a close ecological relationship, through reciprocal selective pressures, changes in one species can lead to changes in another

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42
Q

Cohort

A

group of individuals in a population born during a particular time period, such as a year

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43
Q

Compensatory Mortality

A

e concept that one kind of mortality largely replaces another kind of mortality in animal
populations, an animal dying from one cause (e.g., hunting or disease) cannot die from another cause (e.g., predation or starvation), so one source of mortality compensates for the other

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44
Q

Conservation Easement

A

land essentially “donated to conservation-binding legal agreement not to develop the land (owner
can still ranch, farm, recreate, etc.)

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45
Q

Conservation Social Science

A

using social science to understand and improve conservation

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46
Q

Coprophagy

A

feeding on feces, this in some species allows them to recover nutrients from their droppings that escaped initial digestion

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47
Q

Cover

A

any structural resource of the environment that enhances survival of an organism ( e.g., hiding or nesting cover)

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48
Q

Critical Habitat

A

specific geographic areas with physical and biological features essential to the conservation of a listed species

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49
Q

Decimating Factors

A

immediate causes of death; often a result of limiting conditions or welfare factors (e.g., starvation,
accidents, parasites, disease, predation, hunting)

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50
Q

Detritivores

A

organisms that feed on dead organic matter and waste products that are collectively known as detritus

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51
Q

Diploid

A

having two haploid sets of homologous chromosomes

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52
Q

Disease

A

any deviation from normal state of health (e.g., malnutrition, infection, parasites, and deformities)

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53
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals from regions of birth or activity for another location (synonymous with emigration, i.e., a one-way movement)

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54
Q

Dispersion

A

distribution of organisms within a population over an area (e.g., random, clumped or uniformly spaced)

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55
Q

Disturbance

A

periodic change, destruction, or removal of ecosystem components
- SEVERE/REGIONAL- includes fires, floods, hurricanes, clear-cuts, and development
- MINOR/LOCAL- includes tree falls and animal burrows or wallows
- DISCRETE- clear beginning and end such as a windstorm or avalanche
- CONSTANT- continuous, wit no clear end such as pollution and timber/wood harvesting

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56
Q

Disphotic Zone

A

decreasing sunlight - > little to no photosynthesis

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57
Q

Ecosystem Engineers

A

organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species, by causing
physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials

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58
Q

Ecosystem Management

A

guardianship that emphasizes ecological systems as functional units for land and resource
management and emphasizes the long-term sustainability of those systems

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59
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

processes through which ecosystems and their biota benefit humans (e.g., welfare factors, but also flood control, food production, water filtration, commerce, etc)

60
Q

Ecotone

A

transition zone between two structurally different communities EDGE – place where two or more vegetation types meet (abundance & variety of wildlife is often great in edge)

61
Q

Edge Effect

A

response of organisms, animals in particular, to environmental conditions created by the edge

62
Q

Emigration

A

movement of part of a population permanently out of an area

63
Q

Entropy

A

disorder or randomness in any system

64
Q

Environmental Data (eDNA)

A

organismal DNA that can be found in the environment

65
Q

Environmental Ethics

A

philosophical discipline that considers the moral and ethical relationship of human beings to the
environment

66
Q

Environmental Justice

A

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies

67
Q

Environmental Literacy

A

an individual’s understanding, skills and motivation to make responsible decisions that considers his
or her relationships to natural systems, communities and future generations

68
Q

Estuary

A

highly productive zone that is partially enclosed, where freshwater and seawater meet and mix

69
Q

Euphotic Zone

A
  • sunlight penetrates (down 200 m) -> photosynthesis possible
70
Q

Eutrophication

A

process of nutrient enrichment in aquatic ecosystems

71
Q

Evolution

A

change in allele frequency over time resulting from natural selection and producing cumulative changes in characteristics of a population

72
Q

Exotic

A

species of wildlife or fish that are not native to an area but introduced

73
Q

Exponential Growth

A

a constant rate of growth applied to a continuously growing base over a period of time; population
growth that exceeds the carrying capacity until population numbers saturate the habitat

74
Q

Featured Species

A

– species selected for management emphasis because of their high value to humans

75
Q

Fecundity

A

potential ability of an organism to produce eggs or young; rate of production of young by a female

76
Q

Feral

A

a previously domestic animal that has become established in the wild (e.g., feral cats, feral horses)

77
Q

Fragmentation

A

reduction of a large habitat area into small, scattered remnants

78
Q

Fry

A

larval fish; fry of most species become “fingerling” (2-6 in = 5-15 cm) during the first year of life

79
Q

Generalist

A

species that can live anywhere and eat many different types of food

80
Q

Genes

A

part of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that contains chemical information needed to make a particular protein controlling or influencing an inherited bodily trait

81
Q

Genetic Drift

A

random change in allele frequency in small/reduced populations

82
Q

Genetic Variability

A

amount by which individuals in a population differ from one another due to their genetic makeup

83
Q

Genomics

A

study of an organism’s complete set of DNA (genome) as well as the interaction of those genes and their interaction with the environment

84
Q

Guild

A

any group of species that exploit the same resources, or who exploit different resources in related ways

85
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

the breaking up of contiguous areas of wildlife habitat, often by home building, road construction, or
agriculture

86
Q

Haploid

A

having the gametic number of chromosomes or half the number characteristic of somatic cells

87
Q

Home Range

A

stable state of an organism or the tendency of a system to maintain a stable or balanced state

88
Q

Human Values

A

things that are important to individuals that they then use to evaluate actions or events

89
Q

Hypoxia

A

areas in the ocean where there is little oxygen

90
Q

Immigration

A

arrival of new individuals into a given area or population

91
Q

Inbreeding

A

mating between relatives increases the frequency of homozygous individuals

92
Q

Incubation

A

period (or process) of development of embryo within eggs; requires heat from “sitting” parent in birds

93
Q

Indicator Species

A

species that indicate certain environmental conditions, seral stages, or treatments; can serve as an early warning that a community or an ecosystem is changing or being damaged

94
Q

Indigenous

A

found where it/they evolved and generally limited to that area; pronghorn are indigenous to North America

95
Q

Intrinsic Value

A

nature has value independent of people

96
Q

Instrumental Value

A

being in/seeing nature brings people pleasure or satisfaction

97
Q

Island Biogeography Theory

A

the idea that the diversity of a given island is a function of its size and distance from source
population

98
Q

Keystone Species

A

a species whose activities have a significant role in determining community structure

99
Q

Lacey Act

A

unlawful to import, export, sell, acquire, or purchase fish, wildlife, or plants that are illegally taken, possessed, transported or sold

100
Q

Land Ethic

A

a view put forth by Aldo Leopold calling on humans to respect the land and all living things
1st ETHIC – relation between individuals (The Golden Rule)
2nd ETHIC – relation between the individual and society
3rd ETHIC – relation between humans and the land

101
Q

Law of the Minimum

A

refers to limiting effects of availability of resources required by organisms

102
Q

Laws of Thermodynamics

A

1st Law of Thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) – energy can only be transformed, not created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics – as food is passed from one organism to another, the potential energy contained in the food supply is reduced step by step until all the energy in the system becomes dissipated as heat

103
Q

Laws of Tolerance (Shelford)

A

the presence and success of an organism depends on the extent to which a qualitative or
quantitative deficiency or access of any one of several factors may approach the limits of tolerance for that organism

104
Q

Lek

A

site where birds (primarily grouse) traditionally gather for sexual display and courtship

105
Q

Lenthic

A

standing waters (e.g., ponds, lakes, and reservoirs)

106
Q

Life History Stategy

A

r & K specialists use suites of reproductive adaptations to fit their environment. For example, r-selected species have many, smaller young with little or no parental care while K-selected species produce fewer, larger young that receive
extended parental care

107
Q

Limnetic

A

shallow water zone of lake or sea in which light penetrates to the bottom but is beyond where rooted vegetation can grow usually >2 meters deep

108
Q

Littoral

A

shallow water of lake in which light penetrates to the bottom, permitting submerged, floating, and emergent vegetative growth; also shore zone of tidal water between high and low water marks; usually <2 meters deep

109
Q

Locus

A

position of the gene sequence on the chromosome

110
Q

Logistic Growth

A

growth of a population that approaches and remains near carrying capacity, rate of growth becomes zero or near zero (density dependence)

111
Q

Lotic

A

flowing waters (e.g., streams and rivers)

112
Q

Maximum Sustained Yeild

A

the largest number of fish or wildlife that can be removed without destroying a population’s
reproductive capability; ideal MSY is ½ K, but not always practical due to dynamic nature

113
Q

Meiosis

A

the cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced to one half and that involves a reduction division in which one of each pair of homologous chromosomes passes to each daughter cell and a mitotic
division

114
Q

Mitosis

A

process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves typically a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes
as the parent nucleus

115
Q

Multiple-use Management

A

a philosophy of conservation that advocates simultaneous management for more than one
resource on an area and/or use of a resource for more than one purpose

116
Q

Natality

A

births; production of new individuals in a population

117
Q

Net Primary Productivity

A

difference between photosynthesis (production) and respiration (use) of biomass

118
Q

Passive Management

A

no direct action is allocated toward the manipulation of wildlife populations, also called inactive
management

119
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

total range of environmental conditions under which a species can survive

120
Q

Realized Niche

A

portion of fundamental niche actually occupied by a species because of competition from populations of other species; environmental conditions under which a population survives and reproduces in
nature

121
Q

Pelagic

A

characteristic of deep, open water in the ocean or in large lakes (e.g. pelagic zone or pelagic fishes)

122
Q

Permafrost

A

permanently frozen ground, only the upper 30 to 100 cm of soil (called the active layer) thaws every summer and then completely refreeze during winter

123
Q

Polyandry

A

mating of one female with more than one male within a single reproductive cycle

124
Q

Polygyny

A

mating of one male with more than one female within a single reproductive cycle

125
Q

Precocial

A

born or hatched relatively well-developed and soon able to move about (e.g., ducklings and fawns)

126
Q

Preservation

A

“Hands off” no manipulation of a species or its habitat

127
Q

Primary Succsession

A

an ecological succession that develops in an area not previously occupied by a community

128
Q

Principle of Competitive Exclusion

A

when two or more species coexist using the same resource, one must displace or exclude
the other

129
Q

Range of Tolerance

A

the range of physical and/or chemical conditions in which a species can survive. These include moisture, temperature, radiation, micronutrients, and oxygen

130
Q

Recruitment

A

number of new individuals added to a wildlife population by natural reproduction, immigration, or stocking that reach breeding age in the population

131
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

concept that states organisms must evolve to maintain their place or become outcompeted; continue to evolve (running as fast as you can just to keep up)

132
Q

Reservoir

A

large, usually deep, human-made bodies of water, often associated with dams

133
Q

Secondary Seccesion

A

an ecological succession that occurs in an area that at one time already supported living organisms

134
Q

Seral Stages

A

overlapping phases without succession

135
Q

Succession

A

process of community development and replacement over time; often progresses to a relatively stable stage in community development called a climax community

136
Q

Systems Thinking

A

process of modeling interactions and feedback

137
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

term used to describe what happens to common resources as a result of human use (overuse)
which ultimately depletes/destroys a shared limited resource even though this is not in the long-term best interest of humans and
the earth

138
Q

Ungulate

A

a hoofed mammal (e.g., deer, elk, moose, bighorn sheep, pronghorn antelope, horses, cattle)

139
Q

Urban Adapters

A

species that may utilize human resources and survive in urban areas, but do not necessarily receive an added benefit from living with humans

140
Q

Urban Avoiders

A

species that are highly sensitive and often unable to persist in urban environments

141
Q

Urban Exploiters

A

species whose urban populations reach higher abundances than in the wild

142
Q

Urban-Rural Gradient Study

A

ecological data collection along transects that run from areas of high human development to
areas of low human development

143
Q

Utilitarian Ethic

A

“greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time”

144
Q

Vertical Zonation

A

refers to the distinct biomes or vegetative zones found on mountains

145
Q

Watershed

A

drainage basin; entire region drained by a waterway that drains into a lake or reservoir ocean

146
Q

Wildlife Corridor

A

a protected area that connects two or more wildlife preserves, allowing species to migrate to new habitat to find food, mates, or nesting

147
Q

Lec

A

Specialized mating area

FW 104 Wildlife Ecology And Conservation (1 decks)

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