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psychology chapter 12 > Terms & Misc. > Flashcards

Terms & Misc. Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress

A

A response to an overwhelming and demanding situation.

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2
Q

Stressors

A

Events that trigger stress.

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3
Q

Stimulus View of Stress

A

Focus on situations that cause stress.

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4
Q

Response View of Stress

A

Focus on physiological changes that occur when someone encounters a challenging situation.

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5
Q

Relational View of Stress

A

Defines stress as a particular relationship between people and situations in which they find themselves.

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6
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe (1960)

A

Developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) that quantified stress in terms of major life changes.

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7
Q

Why is it hard to measure life events and hassles that cause stress?

A

Not all people react to situations in the same way.

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8
Q

Lazarus and Folkman (1984)

A

Appraisals & Dealing with Coping

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9
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

Quick assessment of the meaning of an event for the person. (Determines whether a emotional response will occur).

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10
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

Accessing resources available for us to cope with stress. (What do we do, how do we resolve the problem?)

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11
Q

What are the two main systems in our body that are involved in stress?

A

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Endocrine System cause physiological changes.

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12
Q

The Neuroendocrine System

A

Hormonal systems involved in emotions and stress.

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13
Q

Three key structures in the regulation of stress responses?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.

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14
Q

The adrenal gland release…

A

Catecholamines and glucocorticoids.

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15
Q

Catecholamines

A

Function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANS activation.

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Hormones that maintain activation of physiological systems during emergencies.

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17
Q

Two major neuroendocrine pathways?

A

Adrenal-Medullary System, and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis.

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18
Q

Adrenal-Madullary System

A

Major pathway stimulated during stress - hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system.

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19
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action.

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20
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A

A major pathway relevant to the stress response involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex.

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21
Q

During emotional arousal and stress, the hypothalamus releases a substance called…

A

Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF).

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22
Q

____ stimulates ____ which stimulates ____.

A

CRF - ACTH - Cortex of the Adrenal Gland.

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23
Q

Cortisol

A

The “stress hormone” produced by the body to make sure the body gets enough fuel during stress and arousal.

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24
Q

What does Cortisol do?

A

Breakdown complex molecules, ensuring glucose is available for the bloodstream, regulates immune system by reducing immune cells in bloodstream, which may make it susceptible to infections.

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25
Q

Hans Selye

A

Proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome.

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26
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

A general, nonspecific set of changes in the body that occur during extreme stress. Has 3 Stages; Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

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27
Q

Alarm Stage (GAS)

A

Phase where all body’s resources respond to a threat.

28
Q

Resistance Stage (GAS)

A

Extended effort by the body to deal with a threat.

29
Q

Exhaustion Stage (GAS)

A

All resources for fighting a threat have been depleted and illness is likely.

30
Q

Mason’s Objection to GAS

A

If you prepare for anticipated stress you are less likely to show severe physiological responses.

31
Q

Allostasis

A

A response/adaptation to stress where the body achieves stability through physiological changes.

32
Q

What happens to the hippocampus when cortisol interacts with it?

A

The dendrites shrink and we may have trouble with memory, learning, and memory formation.

33
Q

Coping

A

Act of dealing with stress or emotions.

34
Q

Problem-Focused Coping

A

Aims to change the situation causing stress

35
Q

Emotion-Focused Coping

A

Aims to regulate the experience of distress.

36
Q

Reappraisal

A

Reevaluation of a situation in new light.

37
Q

Escape-Avoidance

A

wishful thinking or doing something to get your mind off a situation.

38
Q

Seeking Social Support

A

Talking with friends for emotional support.

39
Q

Self-Control

A

Trying to regulate feelings/actions regarding the problem.

40
Q

Accepting Responsibility

A

Acknowledging your role in the stressful situation.

41
Q

James Pennebaker

A

Emotional Disclosure

42
Q

Emotional Disclosure

A

Letting it all out - writing or talking about the situation.

43
Q

Social Support

A

Way of coping that combines problem and emotion-focused coping.

44
Q

Direct Effects Hypothesis

A

Says social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not someone is under stress.

45
Q

Buffering Hypothesis

A

Says social support works as a buffer only under certain conditions.

46
Q

Social Network

A

A cluster of related people - web of friends.

47
Q

Optimists

A

Emphasize positivity: glass half full - view things as challenging.

48
Q

Pessimists

A

Emphasize negative: glass half empty - more depressed, view things as a threat.

49
Q

Resilience

A

Personality trait means being more flexible and bouncing back from difficult situations.

50
Q

Telomerase

A

an enzyme that adds DNA sequences to telomeres - decreases with age.

51
Q

Psychosomatic Theory

A

Idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of an illness.

52
Q

Health Psychology

A

Study of the role of psychological factors in regard to health and illness, includes onset, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.

53
Q

Physiological Reactivity Model

A

Explains the casual role of stress-related body changes in illness.

54
Q

Health Behavior Approach

A

Explanation for illness - focuses on role of behaviors (diet, exercise, substance abuse..)

55
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

The heart, blood, and blood vessels.

56
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance that triggers an immune response.

57
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PHI)

A

Science of how psychological factors relate to changes in the immune system.

58
Q

Specific Immunity

A

Defends against specific threats, operates with B and T cells, provides rapid response.

59
Q

Non-Specific Immunity

A

General defense, operates with macrophages and natural killer cells, works slowly against unknown threats.

60
Q

Natural Immunity

A

First response to antigens

61
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Immunity provided by antibodies produced in body to specific antigens.

62
Q

Phagocytosis

A

White blood cell engulfs a substance and moves it to a place where it’s destroyed.

63
Q

Inflammation

A

When tissues are restored following injury.

64
Q

Natural Immunity=______ Acquired Immunity=______

A

Non-Specific - Specific.

65
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

When the T cells fight antigens.

psychology chapter 12 (1 decks)

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