Terms - Harley Chapter 2 Flashcards
Give a clear definition of sentences:
A Sentence is … ??
What two things does a sentence contain?
A sentence contains a … and a …
Are there exceptions to the above?
Yes. One word sentences (‘Stop!’ or ‘No’)
A sentence is
A group of words that express a complete thought, capatilization on first letter, ending with **period. **
A sentence also contains a Subject + Predicate
Exceptions? Yes. One word sentences (‘Stop!’ or ‘No’)
- The study of physical properties of sounds are known as …
- Depicted in a number of ways, the most commonly used is know as a … …
- This shows the amount of … present in a … when frequency is plotted against …
- The peaks of energy at particular frequencies are called …
Acoustics
- Sound Spectogram
This shows the amount of energy present in a sound when frequency is plotted against time.
The peaks of energy at particular frequencies are called
What are phonetics?
What is meant by the term phonology?
What does aspirated mean?
What does unaspirated mean?
What is a phoneme?
Phonetics are Acoustic detail of speech sounds & how they are articulated
Phonology is the study of sounds and how they relate to languages
Aspirated is a sound that is produced with audible breath
Unaspirated is a sound that is produced without an audible breath
Phoneme is a sound of the language; by changing a phoneme you change the meaning of a word
What, exactly, are allophones?? (Hint: answer varies)
Can you describe minimal pairs? (Hint: single change)
The standard method of representing sounds is called the … … … **(IPA)? **
What are dialects defined as?? (Hint: a systematic answer)
What is interesting to note about **Vowels? **
Allophones are phonetic variants of phonemes (a sound of the language). In english the phoneme /p/ has two variants, an aspirated & unaspirated form
Minimal pairs = a pair of words which differ in meaning when only ONE sound is changed
International Phonetic Alphabet
Dialects are defined as different systems of pronunciations within a language.
Vowels are a speech sound produced with very little constriction of the airstream
A type of vowel that combines two vowel sounds is known as a …
What is interesting to note about consonants??
The place where the vocal tract is closed or restricted is known as … … … ?? (P.O.A)
The way in which the airstream is constricted in speaking (e.g., stop) is known as … … … ?? (M.O.A)
Diphthong
Consonants are sounds produced with some constriction of the airstream
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
What is meant by the term voicing?
What does unvoiced mean??
What does VOT stand for, and can you define it?
VOT is the time taken between the … of the … of the airstream when we produce a … & when the vocal cords start to … ??
Glottal stop is the … ??
Voicing = consonants produced with vibration of the vocal cords
Unvoiced = sound produced without vibration of vocal cords, such a /p/ & /t/
Voice onset time (VOT)
VOT is the time taken between the release of the constriction of the airstream when we produce a consonant & when the vocal cords start to vibrate??
Glottal stop is the sound produced by closing & opening the glottis (opening between vocal folds).
Define syllables?
Define monosyllabic?
What is meant by the term rime?
What are suprasegmental features?
Syllables = rhythmic unit of speech (Dodo contains 2)
Monosyllabic = a word with just one syllable
Rime = the end of the word which produces the rhyme.
Suprasegmental features = features of words and syllables that may span more than one phoneme (Pitch; stress; rate of speech)
Can you describe Chomsky’s arguement on Language (4 elements)??
Felt that language is:
- Innate
- Species-specific
- biologically preprogrammed
- independent of all other cognitive structures
What goal of syntax did Chomsky profess?
Argued that the goal of syntax is to describe the set of rules, or grammar that enables us to produce and understand langauage.
What are the two related ideas for Chomsky’s work??
The two related ideas in Chomsky’s work:
- Relations between languages and the brain, and how children acquire language
- A technical description of the structure of language
Chomsky argued that it is important to distinguish between linguistic … and actual linguistic … ??
Chomsky also argued that a grammar must give an account of the ____ _____ _____ of sentences
Chomsky argued that it is important to distinguish between linguistic **competence, **and actual linguistic performance.
Chomsky also argued that a grammar must give an account of the underlying syntactic structure of sentences
Chomsky distingusied between what two language types?
Chomsky distinguished between externalised language (E-language) and internalised language (I-language).
Chomsky felt that sentence structures that the grammar creates should capture our _____ about how sentences and fragments are ______ ??
Chomsky felt that sentence structures that the grammar creates should capture our intuitions about how sentences and fragments are related
What are phrase-structure rules?
Phrase-structure rules describe how words can be combined, and prove a method of describing the structure of a sentence
Words combine to make phrases, which express a single idea.
Phrases combine to make clauses (which contain a subject and a verb)
The subject of a sentence is the noun phrase that is immediately dominated by the highest-level element, the sentence node.
Descrive Transitive verbs
- Transitive verbs* require a single noun phrase called a direct object
- e.g. (Eat the* peach) *
e. g. (I punched micky mantle)
e. g. (painted* the canvas)
A transitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean, etc. Second, it must have a direct object, something or someone who receives the action of the verb.
Here are some examples of transitive verbs:
Sylvia kicked Juan under the table.
Kicked = transitive verb; Juan = direct object.
Joshua wants a smile from Leodine, his beautiful but serious lab partner.
Wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object.
