Terms for Revision Flashcards
Define Self-Determination Theory
Self-determination theory (SDT) is defined as a broad framework for the study of human motivation and personality. SDT provides a framework for the sources of motivation and a description of the respective roles of intrinsic and types of extrinsic motivation in cognitive and social development and in individual differences.
What three basic psychological needs does Self-Determination Theory define?
SDT defines three basic psychological needs (ARC); autonomy, relatedness and competence.
What happens when all three basic psychological needs are met?
When all these needs are met, it leads to increased interest, excitement and confidence which leads to overall better well-being, enhanced performance, heightened creativity and increased persistence.
Define Autonomy
Autonomy is defined as the need to satisfy and explore interests. Optimal conditions to support development of autonomy include, non- controlling, directive or authoritarian environments (which stifle autonomy), i. e. environments that support involvement in problem-solving/decision making.
Define Relatedness
Relatedness is defined as the need to feel attached and connected to others. Optimal conditions to support development of relatedness include, environments which nurture trust and interdependence and that recognise an individual’s feelings and perspectives.
Define Competence
Competence is defined as the need to experience mastery and challenge. Optimal condition to support development of competence include, environments which provide opportunities for graded acquisition of skills and mastery, this is typically offered in environments which are nurturing and supportive of autonomy.
Name the 6 types of motivation
- Amotivation: Non-regulation
- Extrinsic motivation: External Regulation
- Extrinsic motivation: Introjected Regulation
- Extrinsic motivation: Identified Regulation
- Extrinsic motivation: Integrated Regulation
- Intrinsic motivation: Intrinsic Regulation
Describe Amotivation: Non-regulation
a) What is it
b) Contexts in which it occurs
c) Signs of this state
a) Lacking an intention to act
b) - An activity not being valued
- Lack of feelings of competence
- Belief that an activity will not result in a desired outcome
c) Behaviour: lack of persistence in activities/drops out
Language: why bother? It’s not worth doing. Too hard.
Describe Extrinsic motivation: External Regulation
a) What is it
b) Contexts in which it occurs
c) Signs of this state
a) External controls/influence performance. These may be tangible (e.g. physical reward) or intangible (e.g. social approval, inducements). These may also include threats, penalties, deadlines, punishments.
b) - Reinforcement contingencies and external controls sustain behaviour
c) Language: reflects external control (e.g. I was made to do it. I will be allowed to this if I do that.
Describe Extrinsic motivation: Introjected Regulation
a) What is it
b) Contexts in which it occurs
c) Signs of this state
a) Motivation for acting is dictated by a sense of obligation to others (which has been internalised). Feelings of self-esteem and ego are contingent on approval or disapproval (self or from others)
b) - Belief that an activity has little value
- External validation of performance is required
c) Behaviours: pressure self into performance, pride or self-disdain after others show approval/disapproval
Language: e.g. I could… I ought to… I should… I would.
Describe Extrinsic motivation: Identified Regulation
a) What is it
b) Contexts in which it occurs
c) Signs of this state
a) Personal choice; engage with little external pressure/regulation. There is an internal disposition to act and a willingness to engage.
b) - Activity is seen as relevant and worth pursuing
- Low levels of external pressure/ control
c) Behaviours: likely to be self-initiated and maintained, likely to persist
Language: e.g. How can I? I can… I will.
Describe Extrinsic motivation: Integrated Regulation
a) What is it
b) Contexts in which it occurs
c) Signs of this state
a) Integration of personal goals within the broader context (existing social values). The individual becomes part of an overall value system (full internalisation)
b) - Goals are important and relevant
- Person has intention to persist at an activity
c) Behaviours: puts in hard work to achieve goals, goal directed behaviour is integrated with other aspects of self
Language: similar to identified regulation; may make comments such as, ‘This is important to me; it will help me reach my long-term goal’.
Describe Intrinsic motivation: Intrinsic Regulation
a) What is it
b) Contexts in which it occurs
c) Signs of this state
a) Fully internalised, self-determined participation in an activity
b) - occurs as three different types:
1. Motivation to know
2. Motivation to experience mastery/competence
3. Motivation to experience stimulation from sensory pleasure/through flow
c) Behaviour: self-initiated, self-directed, high levels of spontaneity/ excitement/ confidence/ persistence
Language: e.g. I want to do it again and again. I know what I need to do next.
Define Self-concept
Self-concept is defined as a detailed set of ideas about how we perceive ourselves in relation to others and the environment. Self-concept is usually descriptive rather than evaluative.
Define Self-esteem
Self-esteem is defined as how people evaluate themselves. It is the value the individual places on the attributes that contribute to his or her self-concept. Self-esteem is evaluative of the descriptive factors outlined in self-concept.
Define Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is defined as a belief in one’s ability to perform a given task successfully. Self-efficacy predicts the likelihood that someone will attempt a given behaviour and continue working at it, despite possible difficulties in new situations. Self-efficacy is not concerned with the actual skill itself, but with judgements about what one can do with the skills they have. Self-efficacy is one’s sense of competence and confidence regarding performance of a given task in a given domain.
Describe the existential self including when this concept develops
The existential self regards the understanding of self as separate and distinct. It is contingent upon the interactions between infants and caregivers. The existential self develops in the first six months of life, and is established by 21-24 months of age, as children develop a sense of ‘me’.
Describe the categorical self including when this concept develops
The categorical self regards the process of actively defining self (not just in opposition). The categorical self places the self in a range of categories based on comparison with others. The categorical self develops from about two years old. Factors such as size, gender, physical characteristics and abilities influence the categorical self.
Name 2 strategies to improve low self-esteem
i. acknowledging and praising positive qualities
ii. challenging negative self-evaluations and negative core beliefs
What are the key components of family?
The key components of family include structure, function, interactions and life cycle
Describe the ‘structure’ component of family
Structure refers to the specific membership, beliefs, values and coping strategies that make a family unique.
Describe the ‘function’ component of family
The function of a family refers to the tasks that families perform to meet the needs of the family members. Additionally, the function of the family dictates their reason for being together.
Describe the ‘interaction’ component of family
The interactions of the family refer to the interrelationships between family members.
Describe the ‘life cycle’ component of family
life cycle of a family refers to how the family changes over time as the experience normative (predictable events such as childbearing, children going to school, adolescence, becoming empty nesters and old age) and non-normative events (unpredictable events such as illness, disability and natural disasters).