Terms for Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
Protoplasm
Substance of Life
Cell Structure
Housing DNA need nucleus or nucleoid
Metabolism
Ability of the cell to obtain and use energy
Anabolism
Reactions that use energy to build compounds
Catabolism
reactions that release energy by breaking down compounds (cell respiration)
Irritability
The ability to sense and respond to stimuli to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Best internal environment.
Movement
All cells have cytoplasm streaming
Cytoplasm Streaming
movement inside of the cytoplasm within the cell
Development
Birth, Growth, Maturity, Senescence, Death.
Reproduction
based on inheritance of genes
Asexual vs. Sexual
A- offsprings are clones, only need one parent. S- 2 parents occur in advanced organisms.
Observation
Leads to question (Is lung cancer more common in smokers)
Hypothesis
Prediction to be tested
Variable vs. Control
A variable is what is being tested and the control is something no exposed to the experiment variable
Experimental Results Statistics
predicts accuracy within confidence limits
Scientific Theory
Model that best explains the data
Matter
Composed of elements
Atoms
The smallest part of an element
Protons
positively charged particles in the atomic nucleus
Atomic Number
Number of protons
Neutrons
Neutral particles in the atomic nucleus
Atomic Mass
Number of protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different atomic mass numbers
Radioisotopes
Decaying different elements at a constant rate.
Electrons
Negatively charged. particles that move around the atomic nucleus in patterns called orbitals.
Orbitals vs. Shells
Orbitals hold up to 2 electrons and the same numbers of electrons as protons. Where as a shell is a group equal energy orbitals
Chemical Bonding
Occurs because atoms do not feel stable unless they have complete outer shells. They will give up, pick up or share electrons to fill the outermost shell.
Nobel Gases
Will not form chemical bonds because the outermost shells are already full.
Ionic Bonding
Occurs when atoms give up or pick up electrons to complete their outermost shells.
Electron Donors
Give away 1,2 or 3 electrons to become, and become positively charged ions (cations)
Electron Acceptors
Pick up 1, 2 or 3 electrons to become negatively charged ions (anions)
Ionic Compounds
Molecules held together by electromagnetic attractions (opposite charges
Acids
pH lass then 7
Bases
pH above 7
pH Scale
Measures how much acids and bases dissociate
Buffers
Special salts that help maintain proper pH conditions by changing strong acids into weak acids or strong bases into weak bases
Covalent Bonding
Occurs when atoms share electrons to complete their outermost shells. (covalent bonding are 10x-20x stronger than ionic bonding in water.)
Non-polar vs. Polar
Non-polar- occur when atoms share electrons equally. Polar- occur when atoms share electrons unequally.
Single, Double & Triple Bonds
Occurs when atoms share 1, 2 & 3 bonds.
Hydrogen Bonding
Occurs when polar covalent compounds weakly attach to one and another because of their opposite charges.
Isomers
Compounds with identical elements, numbers of atoms and bonds but different spatial arrangments
Inorganic Compounds
Small compounds lacking carbon and hydrogen
Water
Polar covalent composed of hydrogen and oxygen
Organic Compounds
molecules containing both carbon and hydrogen.
