terms for final Flashcards
what is the definition of family violence?
child abuse, intimate partner, elder abuse, and other forms of physical coercion that are contextualized by domestic living arrangements
how much of family violence is reported in 2016?
composed around 25%
is it true that researchers have found that family violence is under reported, and if yes why so?
well yes a lot of it does go unreported; the fear of sigma, abuse being normalized, the lack of awareness of resources
what is the idea of modelling for family violence?
witnessing people being violent and seeing that there is no consequences to their actions
who are claim makers?
they are moral entrepreneurs that are trying to convince the public about an issue
what are these claims meant to do?
they are meant to persuade you, they are essential for bringing the issue forward
when were the type of abuses brought to the publics attention: 1960,1970,1980…
1960- child abuse
1970- intimate partner violence
1980- elder abuse
what is a growing problem within family violence?
the sandwich generation, the working adult taking care of their children and their own parents= increase a lot of stress
ex; elder abuse commercial
what marketing strategy did the elder abuse commercial video display?
taking an established problem and linking it to a newer problem, which draws people attention
who discovered child abuse?
pfohl wrote a book on it and how we weren’t treating this as a serious issue until the 1960’s
what happened in the 1960’s when doctors would see signs of child abuse?
well child abuse wasn’t an available diagnosis, confidentiality issue, psychological barrier
who was the one to bring forward child abuse?
pediatric radiologist- they would notice that this blood forced trauma had to be from somewhere else
why were pediatric radiologist able to bring this issue forward?
because they didn’t have the same connections that doctors would have
how much percent of family violence victims female?
67%
what are some stigmas that hold men back from reporting?
they have to be tough and strong, plus who is going to believe that a women has done that
what happens when we use the gender neutral term?
it obscurs the issue and doesn’t take into account that women are most frequently experiencing this
what is the percent of 15 years and older experiencing some forms of child abuse in Canada?
30%
what was the romine empire for domestic violence?
beat wives who attended games without permission, beaten for drinking, walking outdoors without covering face
what was the middle ages for domestic violence?
husbands were expected to beat wives for misbehavior and keep their wives in line, rape was used to manipulate women into relationships with men
what is the rule of thumb principle?
well he had said that the actual idea was false which was where men were allowed to beat their wives as long as the object wasn’t thicker than his thumb
what is the traditional definition of rape?
was non-consensual sexual intercourse, that a male performed against a female that he neither married to or cohabiting with
what are some points that are problems with the traditional way definition of rape?
- women could not rape
- if you are married or living with male can be raped
when did the definition of rape change?
in 1983, which the definition is any form of sexual contact that occurs without voluntary consent
what is interpersonal conflict? (gelles, straus)
the family is the most violent social setting within our society
what are the four precursors?
- family life provides the social setting for constant conflict
- family life is private life
- cultural attitude towards family violence are highly ambivalent
- family is a hierarchical institution
when is intra-family violence more likely to occur?
likely within the home, at night or evening, against adolescent, at holiday times
what is the cycle of violence?
when someone learns that violence is a way to get what one wants, it is effective and others are compliant with no consequences
what are the three stages to the cycle of violence?
- tension building (“minor”)
- acute battering (beatings)
- loving contrition (“sorry”)
what was the experiments that they did on dogs?
put dogs in the cage, shock the dog, dog cannot get out, open the door and shocks the dog again, dog doesn’t leave cage and become completely submissive
what is the case of r v whynot (1983)?
abusive partner, threatened to kill her child, he passed out in his truck and shoots him
what is the case with r v lavalle (1990)?
her spouse has beaten her on serval occasion’s, they were hosting a party at their home, he threatened to kill her, said kill me or i kill you, he gives her a gun and walks away, she shoots him in the head
why does physical violence children increase their risk to become violent?
- weaken bonds
- reduced supervision
- acting out of frustrations
- violence achieve goals
what are property crimes?
the stealing or destruction of a person’s property without the use or threat of force against the victim
what are some motivations from the victims standpoint?
are the police actually going to do something about it or show up?
what are deductibles and insurance?
deductible is the minimum 500, insurance will not pay you anything unless over 500
what is routine activity theory?
motivated offender, lack of guardianship, suitable target
what is the history of theft?
11th- crusades
14th- livestock thieves
15th- colonization of indigenous
18th- industrial revolutions
what are occasional criminals?
do not define themselves as criminals and are not committed to a criminal career
example: deterred by the prospect of getting caught
what is situational inducement?
there is economic stress that pushes a person to offend
what are professional criminals?
make a lot of their income through crime and pursue crime as a craft, learning new techniques, earning money with least amount of risk or effort
what is an indictable offence?
fine 5000 dollars or more, prison time over two years
what is a summary offence?
fine under 5000 dollars, prison time under two years
what is the main motivation to a break and enter?
saleable goods, money cash, jewelry, the thrill of it
what is the percent of people who break in having a drug addiction?
80% because it can be used as a self medication and have a strong desperation for this
what type of offender are most likely to commit break and enters?
professional offenders
why do some burglars strike the same target more than once?
less effort, aware of the layout, know what goods are available
during the pandemic was there a spike in break and enters?
yes a 85% increase, officer suggested that these stores were increasingly left vacant
what is broken windows theory?
disorder such as the vandalism of a building’s window if left un-repaired lead to more serious crime in the area
how does the broken windows theory impact the public sense of security?
when it becomes vandalized people start to avoid it even more, vandalism reads as a sign to danger or at risk
what happened with new york subway system?
they hired people to clean up the vandalism in the subway station, the amount of crime started to decrease and they also hired more officers
who have the most free time?
male adolescents, to avoid boredom they are more likely to engage in activities that are fun
what do researchers say about people consuming media?
violent video games don’t have an overly strong effect, even though there is a link deviant arousal is very short lived
what are some parents concerned about today?
limited screen time, underage drinking, vaping (gateway), heavy metal, explicit rap
non offender spend more time..?
at home with parents doing more conformist activities the less time we have to do bad stuff
is generation z better behaved?
well yes, we are smoking less, graduating more, getting thrills through our devices rather than on the streets
what is white collar crime?
illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged the purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions
is white collar crime seen as more acceptable?
well yes because we just don’t see the victim
who is the typical white collar offender?
married with children, upper 40% income bracket, older, well educated
what did edward sutherland suggest?
showing that criminality isn’t just a lower class phenomenon that people with respectability can also commit crimes
what is occupational crime in white collar crime?
the violation of legal norms governing lawful occupational endeavours
what is the salami technique?
used by insiders to embezzle money- take small slice of meat you won’t even notice that anything is missing
what is the enrod scandal?
accountants making it look more lucrative than it was, investing mmore money
what is corporate crime within white collar crime?
socially injurious acts committed by people who control companies to further their business interest
what are some contributing factors to why white collar crime is committed?
perception of gain
perception of risks
opportunties available
offenders beliefs and ethics
what is the culture of competition?
if we don’t take advantage of this loophole the next company will make a profit
can white collar criminals used neutralization theory?
well yes to rationalize their choices; just borrowing, harm wasn’t done, laws are unfair, money was already owed not theft
what was two examples of white crimes being invisible?
out at a club, very loud, waiter comes up to you and charged you more for the drink + tiping
or even tabacco companies putting chemicals to enhance the addictiveness of being sold (whistleblower)
canadians are ten times more likely to die because of what?
unsafe workplace more than being murdered in the street
what are compliance strategies?
aim for law conformity without needing to detect, process or penalize individuals
what are deterrence strategies?
if you do not obey by compliance we will punish you
what is enterprise crime?
sale of goods and services to customers who know that the good and services are illegal
what is the getting tough approach?
crime is best controlled by hiring more police officers and having harsher sentencing
what is the philosophy of doism?
better off doing something rather than nothing- lock them away, you’ll be safer but not actually dealing with the bigger issue
what is the most extreme example of this?
having children who are deviant to be brought to jails, children come out saying they don’t want to be in there but its a short term result
what is the public health model?
prevent them from becoming ill in the first place, if we invest our money in preventing the issue we will spend less money for hospitalization
what is the deep web?
is a material that is not index through standard search engines, only acceptable through things such as a paywall (96-99%)
what is the dark web?
is a subset of the deepweb it accounts for (5%), part of the internet that isn’t apart of search engines uses names .onion
what is human trafficking?
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons by improper means for improper purposes
who are at a higher risk of being human trafficked?
woman are most at risk: economically and socially disadvantaged, teenage runaways, children, Indigenous women
what is sex trafficking?
forcing people to labour for free, or not to be paid a legal wage when they work
what is cyber crime?
any crime where the internet and technology play a major role in the commission of a criminal offence
what are different types of cyber spaces?
worm- send itself to other peoples computers
trojan horses- a gift sent that creates a virus
logic bomb- virus lies doorman until conditions met
ransomeware- encrypts part of software
child pornography is notices as a problem internationally…
- 1 million images cycling each day
- hard to police
- 200% increase in last decade
- typical person; white males in western countries
what are some control issues for child pornography?
resource issues, remote storage; the internet is based on a distribution network
