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Anatomy and Physiology > Terms discussed from Module 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Terms discussed from Module 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

It studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

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2
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

It is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys.

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3
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

all structures in particular region of the body (abdomen or leg region)

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4
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

body structures are examined system by system (cardiovascular, neuro, nephron, etc.)

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5
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology, histology)

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6
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

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7
Q

What is physiology?

A

studies the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

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7
Q

Define the integumentary system

A

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands.

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8
Q

Define the skeletal system

A

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

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9
Q

Define the muscular system

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

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10
Q

Define the nervous system

A

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

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11
Q

Define the endocrine system

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

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12
Q

Define the cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

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13
Q

Define the lymphatic system / immunity

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

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14
Q

Define the respiratory system

A

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

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15
Q

Define the digestive system

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

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16
Q

Define the urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

17
Q

Define the male reproductive system

A

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperms and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

18
Q

Define the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

19
Q

Requirements for life: What does this highly organized human body do?

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness / excitability
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
20
Q

Define catabolism

A

Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

21
Q

Define anabolism

A

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.

22
Q

Requirements of life: What are our survival needs?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal body temperature
  5. Atmospheric pressure
23
Q

Define homeostasis

A
  • ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
  • dynamic state of equilibrium or balance in which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits
24
Q

Define negative feedback mechanisms

A
  • most control mechanisms
  • when a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either cell fate changes or morphogenetic responses
  • to respond to the signals and resolve the problem, it shuts off or modulates the activation of the incoming signaling pathways. Then, regulates the incoming signals.
25
Q

Define positive feedback mechanisms / cascades

A
  • initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater
  • the response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead keeps the sequence of events going up
26
Q

Examples of positive feedback mechanisms / cascades

A
  1. Estrogen to stimulate ovulation
  2. Oxytocin too initiate onset of labor and release of breastmilk
  3. Coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation
  4. Irreversible shock
  5. Inflammation and fevers
27
Q

What is homeostatic imbalance?

A
  • an inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment
  • Causes:
    1. Aging
    2. Diseases (any failure of normal physiological function that leads to negative symptoms)
28
Q

Define cells

A
  • smallest unit of life
  • all organisms are made of one or more cells
  • activities of cells are dictated by their shapes, types, and relative numbers of the subcellular structures they contain
  • cells only arise from other cells
  • there are over 250 different cell types
29
Q

What does a generalized, composite cell have?

A
  1. Plasma membrane - selectively permeable barrier
  2. Cytoplasm - intracellular fluid packed with organelles
  3. Nucleus - organelle that controls cellular activities
30
Q

What are extracellular materials?

A
  • Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells
    1. ECF (extracellular fluid) - includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    2. Cellular secretions - substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)
    3. Extracellular matrix (ECM) - most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides
31
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid mosaic
32
Q

What are membrane lipids?

A

forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid + cholesterol)

33
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function

34
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates?

A

includes glycoproteins and glycolipids. Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific biological markers

35
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit, or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells.

36
Q

Role of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

A
  • form basic structure of the membrane
  • hydrophobic tails prevent water-soluble substances from crossing, forming a boundary
37
Q

Role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A
  • stiffens membrane
  • further decreases water solubility of membrane
38
Q

Role of proteins in the plasma membrane

A
  • determine what functions the membrane can perform
  • many roles, e.g., transport. communication (acting as receptors for signal molecules), and joining cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix
  • proteins with different shapes have different functions
39
Q

Role of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A
  • act as identity molecules
  • allow cells to recognize “who is who”, e.g., during development so cells can sort themselves into tissue and organs
  • allow immune cells to recognize “friend” (our own cells) or “foe” (pathogen)
  • are found only on the outer surface of the membrane. Together, the carbohydrates on the outside of the cell form a coating called the glycocalyx.

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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