terms & definitions

Question 1

Analog technology

Answer 1

فنّاوری ای که برای انجام یک وظیفه یا کارویژه، استوار است بر متودهایی غیر از پردازش عدد.

Analog technology “relies on methods other than number processing to perform a function”. Examples of analog devices include tape recorders and cameras that record on film. While analog is outdated and not as frequently used, it’s useful for computer scientists to understand all methods of creating technology.

Question 2

Application

Answer 2

یک سِری از کد که انجام یکسری از وظایف را ممکن می کند؛ اپلیکیشن.

An application, often shortened to app, is a series of codes that allow specific tasks to happen. Applications can be on mobile devices, desktop computers and other electronic devices. An example of an application is an operating system that allows an electronic device to run programs like word processing software and respond to commands, like opening or closing files.

Question 3

Array

Answer 3

آرایه

Array refers to a set of similar data that saves in a sequential form. When a computer program searches for certain information, it can pull up an array, which includes any similar data that might be useful. For example, a search for monthly social media reports can produce an array of relevant files that are organized alphabetically or numerically.

Question 4

Bandwidth

Answer 4

مقدار اطلاعاتی که اتّصالاتِ سیم بندی شده یا بی سیم می توانند پردازش یا منتقل کنند؛ پهنای باند.

Bandwidth is the amount of information that hard-wired or wireless connections can process or transmit. An internet service provider may refer to the bandwidth when advertising its download and upload speeds. The amount of processed or transmitted information often depends on the connection format.

Question 5

Binary digit (or bit)

Answer 5

رقم دودویی، بیت (صفر یا یک)؛
بایت = ۸ بیت
کیلوبایت = ۱۰۲۴ بایت
مگابایت = ۱۰۲۴ کیلوبایت
گیگابایت = ۱۰۲۴ مگابایت

A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest information piece a computer can use. A bit is either a one or a zero, as these two digits make up the language computers use to process information and operate. One byte is equivalent to eight bits, and a kilobyte is equivalent to 1,024 bytes. Additional measurements include the megabyte, which is 1,024 kilobytes, and the gigabyte, which is 1,024 megabytes.

Question 6

BIOS

Answer 6

This abbreviation stands for basic input/output system. It’s a platform that allows a computer to operate software found on a hard disk drive. When a computer turns on, it relies on the BIOS to operate.

Question 7

Boolean

Answer 7

در اکثر زبان های برنامه نویسی کامپیوتر، متغیر نوع boolean به متغیری گفته می شود که صرفاً یکی از دو ارزش - درست - یا - غلط - را می تواند به خود بگیرد.

Boolean refers to a text or arithmetic expression with true or false value. The term most often appears as the phrase Boolean logic, which is an algebraic form that only includes values of true or false. Boolean logic helps test the conditions around the basis of iteration and selection. Some search engines use Boolean logic to filter out false results that don’t match the search terms or criteria.

Question 8

Buffer

Answer 8

Buffer is the location for storage of temporary data, often used in a device’s random-access memory. By maintaining some temporary data, the device can perform an operation faster and more effectively. When a device has too much temporary data stored, it may operate more slowly.

Question 9

Bug

Answer 9

A bug is an error in the programming of software or an application. These errors can cause problems for the end user. When looking for and resolving bugs, computer scientists and developers might refer to the process as fixing bugs or applying fixes.

Question 10

Cloud storage

Answer 10

The cloud refers to a remote storage facility available anywhere on the internet. When storing files or data in the cloud, a user can access that information on any device. Cloud storage differs from traditional storage methods, which save data on a single physical device.

Question 11

Code

Answer 11

Code is another term for the programming languages used to edit, create and manage computer applications and programs. Experienced developers and computer scientists often learn multiple coding languages, as each has its own uses and applications. Some of the most commonly used languages include object-oriented languages and procedural programming languages.

Question 12

CGI

Answer 12

CGI is an abbreviation for common gateway interface. The term defines how a web server and auxiliary program can communicate with one another. This communication is important when a software user tries to use a program that relies on an internet connection, such as an online video game.

Question 13

Client

Answer 13

A client is a program that requests information from other programs or processes. A computer can run multiple clients at once. For example, an email management system is a client that requests information from the email server to provide access to new messages and other data.

Question 14

Control panel

Answer 14

A control panel allows for the changing of the settings, appearance and behavior of a program. It’s the primary location of information about the program and how it behaves. The control panel allows for easy access to critical aspects of a program or app.

Question 15

Debugging

Answer 15

Debugging, or debug, is a process that aims to find and remove bugs from the source code of a program. Computer programmers use debugging to get rid of issues before the end user experiences any problems using a program. This process might occur during the quality assurance phase of software development.

Question 16

DOS

Answer 16

DOS is an acronym that means “disc operating system.” It’s an operating system that allows users to enter commands line by line to get the computer to open programs or respond in various ways. DOS isn’t as commonly used in modern devices, but it was once the main operating system for all computers.

Question 17

Disk storage

Answer 17

Disk storage is the opposite of cloud storage. It’s the storage available on a hard drive or a device’s long-term memory system. When the disk storage gets too full, a device may become less responsive or have trouble opening and running certain programs. This is because the device must process a lot of data to find and operate programs and apps.

Question 18

Environment

Answer 18

The environment refers to the way all device factors interact with one another. These factors can include hardware, software and network protocols. Within the environment, each component can communicate with the others.

Question 19

Ethernet

Answer 19

An Ethernet is a system that connects devices and computers to a shared network. This system supports monitored, efficient data transmission. Organizations often use it to restrict network access to authorized users and improve data security.

Question 20

FAT

Answer 20

Short for file allocation table, the FAT resembles a table of contents for all the files on a computer. It exists to allow for easier access and location of files on the device. When searching for a file, a user might open the FAT to locate it.

Question 21

IDE

Answer 21

IDE stands for integrated development environment. It’s a programming system that includes multiple programming tools. These tools can include source code editing, debugging and syntax highlighting. Using the IDE can deliver a more integrated platform for developers to use.

Question 22

Kernel

Answer 22

Kernel is a computer program that supports the main system on a computer when it starts up. The program allocates resources to various applications and establishes communication within the system. Kernel helps manage hardware and system needs.

Question 23

LAN

Answer 23

LAN stands for local area network. The term refers to a computer network that spans a small physical area. To accommodate additional devices, computer scientists might connect several LANs.

Question 24

Packet

Answer 24

A packet is a section that divides computer data or messages. Multiple packets might include the data of a single file. This division allows information to be transferred over a network more efficiently.

Question 25

Pixel

Answer 25

The term “pixel” combines two words, “picture” and “element.” It refers to a single point within a digital image. The higher the number of pixels in an image, the larger the file is and the better its image quality is.

Question 26

Port

Answer 26

A port is a physical component that allows two devices to share data over a wired connection. Two common examples of connecting ports are High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB). A computer or mobile device might have multiple ports for various connection types.

Question 27

Protocol

Answer 27

Protocol refers to the rules followed by two devices when they interact. The devices must share the same protocol to connect efficiently. Protocols can change, depending on the device and its unique rules.

Question 28

TCP/IP

Answer 28

TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/internet protocol. This term refers to the suite of protocols that connect computers on the internet. TCPs allow applications and devices to communicate, while IPs enable devices to share data. Computer scientists can adjust the protocols that connect host computers based on their unique needs.

Question 29

ROS

Answer 29

ROS, or the Robot Operating System, is an open-source middleware framework for robotics. It provides tools and libraries for developing, controlling, and coordinating robots. ROS simplifies hardware and software integration, allowing developers to focus on creating innovative robotic applications. It supports various programming languages and is widely used in research, education, and industry.

Question 30

Computer vision

Answer 30

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence focused on enabling machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world. It involves the development of algorithms and techniques that empower computers and robots to process and analyze images and videos, recognize objects, and extract meaningful information from visual data. Computer vision has applications in fields like image recognition, object tracking, autonomous navigation, and medical imaging, making it a key technology for many AI and robotics applications.

Question 31

Machine learning

Answer 31

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that empowers computers to learn from data and improve their performance on tasks without explicit programming. It involves the development of algorithms and models that automatically recognize patterns, make predictions, and adapt based on new information. Machine learning encompasses various techniques, including supervised learning (where models learn from labeled data), unsupervised learning (finding patterns in unlabeled data), and reinforcement learning (learning through interaction with an environment). It’s widely applied in tasks such as image recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems, and autonomous decision-making in AI and robotics.

Question 32

Deep learning

Answer 32

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that involves neural networks with many interconnected layers (hence “deep”). It excels in automatically extracting intricate patterns and features from data, particularly in unstructured data like images, text, and audio. Deep learning has driven significant advancements in artificial intelligence, enabling breakthroughs in areas such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous systems. Its hierarchical architecture and ability to learn from vast datasets make it a powerful technology in creating sophisticated AI models.

Question 33

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Answer 33

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to interact with and understand human language. NLP involves the development of algorithms and models for tasks like text analysis, language generation, and language translation. It plays a crucial role in applications such as chatbots, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, and language understanding, making it a vital technology for human-computer interaction and processing textual information. NLP combines linguistics, machine learning, and computational approaches to bridge the gap between human communication and machine understanding.

Question 34

Control theory

Answer 34

Control theory is a branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with managing the behavior of dynamic systems. It aims to design control algorithms and strategies to manipulate systems, ensuring they follow desired trajectories or maintain specified performance. Control theory is critical in applications like robotics, process automation, and aircraft navigation, enabling precise regulation and stability in the face of external disturbances. It encompasses concepts like feedback control, state-space analysis, and optimal control, contributing to the development of autonomous and well-regulated systems in various fields.

Question 35

Reinforcement learning

Answer 35

Reinforcement learning is a subfield of machine learning where agents learn to make decisions by interacting with an environment. It involves a trial-and-error process, where agents receive rewards or penalties based on their actions. The goal is to discover the best strategies or policies for maximizing cumulative rewards over time. Reinforcement learning is widely used in training autonomous systems like self-driving cars, game-playing agents, and robotic control, allowing them to adapt and improve their decision-making based on real-world experiences.

Question 36

Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

Answer 36

Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is a multidisciplinary field that explores how humans and robots communicate, collaborate, and coexist. It focuses on creating seamless interactions between people and robotic systems, encompassing physical, social, and cognitive aspects. HRI aims to design intuitive and effective interfaces and behaviors for robots, ensuring they understand human intentions and respond appropriately. This field plays a crucial role in applications such as service robots, healthcare robotics, and collaborative robotic environments, fostering trust and enhancing the user experience in human-robot partnerships.

Question 37

Distributed systems and networking

Answer 37

Distributed systems and networking refer to the design and operation of computer systems that consist of multiple interconnected nodes or devices. These systems share resources and information across a network, allowing them to work together efficiently. Networking encompasses the physical and logical connections between these devices, including protocols and technologies used to transmit data. Distributed systems involve the coordination and communication between these devices to achieve a common goal, often involving parallel processing and fault tolerance. They are essential in applications like cloud computing, the internet, and large-scale data processing.

Question 38

Data science

Answer 38

Data science is an interdisciplinary field that extracts knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. It involves data collection, cleaning, analysis, and interpretation, often employing statistical, computational, and machine learning techniques. Data scientists aim to solve complex problems, make data-driven decisions, and discover patterns or trends within data. Their work spans various domains, including business, healthcare, finance, and research, making data science a critical discipline for informed decision-making and innovation.

Question 39

Sensor fusion

Answer 39

Sensor fusion is a process of combining data from multiple sensors to create a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of an environment or system. It involves merging information from various sensors, such as cameras, lidar, radar, and IMUs, to improve the accuracy, reliability, and completeness of data. Sensor fusion is widely used in applications like autonomous vehicles, robotics, and augmented reality, enabling these systems to make more informed decisions and navigate complex scenarios by integrating data from diverse sources.

Question 40

Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging)

Answer 40

Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and create detailed 3D maps of the surrounding environment. It operates by emitting laser pulses and measuring the time it takes for the light to bounce back from objects, providing precise distance and depth information. Lidar is employed in various applications, including autonomous vehicles, environmental monitoring, archaeological surveying, and robotics, for accurate object detection, mapping, and navigation.

Question 41

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

Answer 41

An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a sensor device that provides information about the motion and orientation of an object. It typically includes accelerometers to measure linear acceleration and gyroscopes to measure angular velocity. IMUs can be used to track changes in position, velocity, and orientation, making them valuable in applications like robotics, virtual reality, and motion sensing. They are crucial for stabilizing and controlling dynamic systems, providing data for navigation, and enabling motion tracking in various technologies.

Question 42

SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping)

Answer 42

SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) is a technique used in robotics and computer vision to create maps of unknown environments while simultaneously tracking the location of a moving sensor or robot within those environments. SLAM systems process sensor data, often from cameras or lidar, to estimate the robot’s position and the locations of surrounding objects or features. This enables autonomous navigation and mapping without relying on external positioning systems. SLAM has applications in autonomous vehicles, drones, and mobile robotics, where accurate mapping and self-localization are essential for safe and effective operation.

Question 43

Embedded systems

Answer 43

Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed to perform specific tasks or functions within a larger system. They typically consist of hardware and software optimized for efficiency and reliability. Embedded systems are found in a wide range of devices, from simple appliances to complex machinery, and are essential in areas like automotive control systems, medical devices, consumer electronics, and industrial automation. They often operate in real-time and are characterized by their dedicated functionality, compact design, and ability to work seamlessly in their target applications.

Question 44

sensor (robotics)

Answer 44

In robotics, a sensor is a device that captures physical data from the environment. Sensors measure various parameters, such as distance, light, temperature, sound, and more, and convert these measurements into electrical signals. These signals are then processed by the robot’s control system to perceive and interact with the world. Sensors enable robots to make informed decisions, navigate environments, and respond to changing conditions, making them fundamental components for tasks like obstacle avoidance, object detection, and data collection in robotic applications.

Question 45

actuator (robotics)

Answer 45

In robotics, an actuator is a mechanical or electromechanical device responsible for moving or controlling a robot’s physical components. Actuators convert electrical signals or commands into physical actions, such as rotation, translation, or manipulation. They play a vital role in executing the robot’s movements, including joint articulation, locomotion, and gripper operation. Actuators can range from electric motors and pneumatic cylinders to shape memory alloys and piezoelectric devices, enabling robots to interact with their environment and perform a wide range of tasks.

Question 46

Joint articulation (robotics)

Answer 46

Joint articulation in robotics refers to the ability of a robot’s mechanical components, typically robotic arms or limbs, to move and change position. These joints allow the robot to flex, extend, rotate, or pivot its segments. Joint articulation is crucial for achieving precise and coordinated movements, enabling the robot to reach, grasp, and manipulate objects in its environment. Different types of joints, such as revolute, prismatic, or spherical, offer varying degrees of freedom and allow the robot to perform a wide range of tasks, from assembly and manufacturing to medical surgery and research.

Question 47

Locomotion (robotics)

Answer 47

Locomotion in robotics refers to the robot’s ability to move within its environment. It encompasses various methods of mobility, including wheeled, tracked, legged, or flying systems, enabling robots to traverse different terrains and reach specific locations. Locomotion is crucial for tasks like exploration, search and rescue, transportation, and surveillance, allowing robots to navigate complex environments and interact with the world. Achieving effective locomotion involves control algorithms, sensors, and mechanisms tailored to the specific demands of the application and the robot’s design.

Question 48

Gripper operation

Answer 48

Gripper operation in robotics involves the robot’s ability to grasp and manipulate objects. Grippers are mechanical or electromechanical devices designed to securely hold and release objects of various shapes and sizes. This capability is crucial for tasks such as picking and placing, assembly, and material handling in industrial, manufacturing, and logistics applications. Gripper operation encompasses the design, control, and coordination of the gripper mechanism to achieve precise and efficient object manipulation, ensuring that robots can interact with their environment and perform specific tasks effectively.

Question 49

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) (robotics)

Answer 49

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are materials used in robotics that exhibit unique properties, notably the ability to return to a predefined shape or size when subjected to specific temperature changes. SMAs can change their structure reversibly and are used in robotic actuation, allowing for compact and precise movements. In robotics, SMAs find applications in mechanisms like grippers, artificial muscles, and actuators. Their ability to respond to thermal stimuli offers advantages in simplicity, reliability, and energy efficiency in various robotic systems.

Question 50

Piezoelectric devices (robotics)

Answer 50

Piezoelectric devices are components used in robotics and engineering that convert electrical energy into mechanical motion and vice versa. They rely on the piezoelectric effect, where certain materials generate mechanical deformation when subjected to an electric field. These devices are employed in precision actuators, sensors, and transducers, providing accurate and rapid control in applications like nanopositioning, ultrasonic sensors, and vibration damping. Piezoelectric devices offer advantages such as high responsiveness, low power consumption, and compact size, making them valuable in fields like robotics, medical devices, and industrial automation.

Question 51

transducer (robotics)

Answer 51

A transducer in robotics is a device that converts one form of energy into another. It typically transforms physical phenomena, such as motion, pressure, or temperature, into electrical signals that can be measured or used for control. Transducers play a crucial role in robotics, as they enable the robot to sense and respond to its environment. Examples include sensors that detect obstacles, temperature sensors for thermal management, and encoders that monitor the position of robot joints. Transducers provide essential data for robot perception and decision-making, contributing to the robot’s ability to interact with and adapt to its surroundings.

Question 52

Nanopositioning (robotics)

Answer 52

Nanopositioning in robotics is a precise and controlled motion or adjustment at the nanoscale, typically in the range of billionths of a meter (nanometers). It involves specialized mechanisms and actuators to achieve exceptionally accurate and fine-grained positioning. Nanopositioning is vital in applications requiring high precision, such as semiconductor manufacturing, nanotechnology research, and microscopy. This technology enables robots or equipment to manipulate and interact with objects and materials at extremely small scales, contributing to advancements in fields like materials science, electronics, and life sciences.

Question 53

Ultrasonic sensors (robotics)

Answer 53

Ultrasonic sensors in robotics are devices that use high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to measure distances and detect objects. They emit sound pulses and calculate the distance to an object by measuring the time it takes for the sound waves to bounce back. These sensors are widely used for obstacle detection, object avoidance, and proximity sensing in robotics. They are valuable in applications like autonomous navigation for robots, drones, and vehicles, as they provide accurate and reliable distance information, making them essential for safe and effective robotic operations.

Question 54

Vibration damping (robotics)

Answer 54

Vibration damping is a process in robotics and engineering that involves reducing or controlling the oscillations and vibrations in mechanical systems. It typically employs damping materials, mechanisms, or control algorithms to dissipate the energy generated by vibrations. Vibration damping is essential to improve the stability, precision, and longevity of robotic systems. It finds applications in industries like manufacturing, aerospace, and automotive, where suppressing vibrations enhances the performance and safety of equipment, machinery, and robotic platforms.

Question 55

Microcontrollers (robotics)

Answer 55

Microcontrollers in robotics are compact computing devices integrated into robots to control their functions. They typically consist of a processor, memory, input/output interfaces, and embedded software. Microcontrollers manage tasks such as motor control, sensor data processing, and decision-making in real time. They are essential for providing robots with autonomy and the ability to interact with the environment. Microcontrollers come in various types and are often selected based on the specific requirements of a robotic system, making them a fundamental component in robotics for automation and control.

Question 56

Human-centered design (robotics)

Answer 56

Human-centered design in robotics is an approach that prioritizes the needs, preferences, and interactions of humans when designing and developing robotic systems. It places a strong emphasis on creating robots that are user-friendly, safe, and enhance the user’s experience. This design philosophy involves understanding the end-users, their tasks, and their environment, and integrating these insights into the robot’s functionality and interface. Human-centered design is crucial for applications like assistive robots, healthcare robots, and collaborative robots, ensuring that robots can work effectively with people and improve their quality of life while maintaining safety and usability.

Question 57

Probabilistic robotics

Answer 57

Probabilistic robotics is an approach that applies probability and statistical techniques to model and handle uncertainty in robot perception, decision-making, and control. It acknowledges that in real-world environments, sensors and actuators are not perfect, leading to uncertainty in data and actions. Probabilistic robotics uses techniques such as Bayesian filtering, Markov models, and Monte Carlo methods to estimate the robot’s state and make informed decisions. It’s essential for tasks like simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), where robots must navigate, map, and interact with their surroundings in situations involving unknown variables and incomplete information.

Question 58

optimization (mathematics)

Answer 58

In mathematics, optimization refers to the process of finding the best solution from a set of feasible options. It involves defining an objective function that needs to be maximized or minimized, along with constraints that the solution must adhere to. Optimization methods use algorithms and mathematical techniques to search for the most optimal solution. Applications of optimization are widespread and include fields such as engineering, economics, machine learning, and operations research, where finding the best configuration or decision is critical for efficiency, cost reduction, or performance improvement.

Question 59

Numerical analysis (mathematics)

Answer 59

Numerical analysis is a branch of mathematics that focuses on developing and implementing algorithms for solving mathematical problems using numerical approximations. It deals with techniques to solve mathematical equations, compute functions, and analyze complex data, especially when exact solutions are challenging or impossible to obtain. Numerical analysis plays a crucial role in various fields, including science, engineering, finance, and computer science. It involves methods like finite differences, numerical integration, and iterative techniques, helping researchers and professionals make informed decisions and predictions in a wide range of applications.

Question 60

Differential equations (mathematics)

Answer 60

Differential equations are mathematical equations that involve rates of change and describe the relationship between a function and its derivatives. They are used to model and understand dynamic systems in various fields, from physics and engineering to biology and economics. Differential equations come in various forms, such as ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs), and are fundamental in analyzing how quantities evolve over time or space. Solving these equations allows for predictions, simulations, and insights into complex dynamic systems, making them a cornerstone of mathematical modeling and scientific research.

Question 61

Information theory (mathematics)

Answer 61

Information theory is a branch of mathematics and computer science that studies the quantification, storage, transmission, and manipulation of information. It was developed by Claude Shannon in the 1940s and has applications in fields like communication, data compression, and cryptography. Information theory provides metrics like entropy and mutual information to measure information content, data redundancy, and the capacity of communication channels. It’s essential for understanding the fundamental limits and efficiency of information processing and communication systems, enabling the development of efficient data transmission and storage techniques in the digital age.

Question 62

Linear control theory (engineering)

Answer 62

Linear control theory is a field of control engineering that focuses on designing control systems for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It employs mathematical models to analyze and regulate dynamic systems by manipulating inputs to achieve desired outputs. Linear control theory uses techniques such as transfer functions, state-space representations, and Laplace transforms to design controllers that stabilize systems, track reference signals, and reject disturbances. It plays a critical role in applications like industrial automation, aerospace, and robotics, ensuring stable and predictable system behavior in response to external inputs and changing conditions.

Question 63

Linear control theory (mathematics)

Answer 63

Linear control theory is a mathematical framework for analyzing and designing control systems, particularly for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It uses linear algebra, differential equations, and Laplace transforms to model and regulate dynamic systems. Linear control theory aims to design controllers that achieve desired system behavior, like stability and response to external inputs, while minimizing errors and disturbances. This theory finds applications in engineering, robotics, and automation, ensuring predictable and efficient control of complex systems, such as aircraft, manufacturing processes, and autonomous robots, in a wide range of industries.

Question 64

Non-Euclidean geometry

Answer 64

Non-Euclidean geometry refers to a set of mathematical geometries that do not adhere to Euclid’s axioms and the postulates of traditional Euclidean geometry. It explores geometries where the parallel postulate, which states that through a given point, only one line can be drawn parallel to another, does not hold. Non-Euclidean geometries include hyperbolic geometry, which has multiple parallels through a point, and elliptic geometry, where no parallels exist. These non-Euclidean geometries are essential in various fields, particularly in modern physics, such as Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which describes the geometry of spacetime as non-Euclidean.

Question 65

Group theory (mathematics)

Answer 65

Group theory is a branch of abstract algebra that studies the properties and structures of mathematical groups. A group is a set of elements combined with a binary operation (e.g., addition or multiplication) that satisfies four fundamental properties: closure, associativity, identity element, and inverses. Group theory analyzes these structures and their symmetries, transformations, and permutations. It plays a crucial role in various mathematical areas, including number theory, geometry, and cryptography, as well as in physics, where it describes the fundamental symmetries and transformations governing particle interactions and field theories.

Question 66

Motion Planning (robotics)

Answer 66

Motion Planning: Motion planning, also known as path planning, involves determining a feasible path or trajectory for a robot or autonomous system to move from one point to another while avoiding obstacles and adhering to constraints. It aims to find an optimal or collision-free path based on sensor data and the robot’s kinematics.

Question 67

control (robotics)

Answer 67

Control: Control, in the context of robotics, refers to the process of regulating and adjusting a robot’s movements or actions to follow a desired path or trajectory. It involves designing control algorithms that consider feedback from sensors to ensure the robot’s actions are precise and stable.

Question 68

Middleware

Answer 68

Middleware is software that acts as an intermediary layer between different software applications or components, facilitating communication, data exchange, and interaction. It enables disparate systems to work together by providing services like message passing, data transformation, and protocol translation. Middleware plays a crucial role in distributed computing, connecting applications across networks, and in various domains, such as enterprise integration, cloud computing, and IoT. It abstracts and simplifies the complexities of heterogeneous systems, promoting interoperability and scalability in software architectures.

Question 69

Distributed systems

Answer 69

Distributed systems are computing systems that consist of multiple interconnected computers or nodes working together to achieve a common goal. These systems distribute tasks and data across the network, allowing for parallel processing, fault tolerance, and scalability. They are integral to various applications, including cloud computing, web services, and networked databases. Distributed systems introduce challenges related to communication, data consistency, and fault management, making them a key area of study in computer science.

Question 70

RTOS, or Real-Time Operating System (robotics)

Answer 70

RTOS, or Real-Time Operating System, is specialized software used in robotics and embedded systems to manage and control hardware components with precise timing and responsiveness. It provides deterministic and real-time capabilities, ensuring that critical tasks are executed on schedule. RTOS is vital for robotics applications that require precise control, such as autonomous navigation, sensor data processing, and actuator control. It helps maintain system stability and predictability, making it suitable for time-sensitive and safety-critical tasks in robotics and automation.

Question 71

Version control (robotics & engineering)

Answer 71

Version control, in robotics and engineering, is a systematic approach to manage changes and revisions in software and design files. It allows tracking, documenting, and coordinating modifications made by multiple team members, ensuring a consistent and organized development process. Version control systems like Git provide a structured environment for collaboration, enabling engineers to work on projects concurrently, test changes, and roll back to previous states when needed. This practice is essential for maintaining project integrity, traceability, and the ability to troubleshoot and enhance robotic systems and engineering projects effectively.

Question 72

MQTT, or Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

Answer 72

MQTT, or Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, is a lightweight and efficient messaging protocol designed for reliable communication between IoT devices and systems. It follows a publish-subscribe model where devices publish messages to topics, and other devices subscribe to specific topics of interest. MQTT is highly efficient, making it suitable for constrained environments and low-bandwidth networks, and it ensures minimal overhead in message transmission. It’s commonly used in IoT applications for real-time data exchange, remote monitoring, and control, offering a scalable and dependable communication solution for connected devices.

Question 73

DDS, or Data Distribution Service

Answer 73

DDS, or Data Distribution Service, is a standardized middleware protocol used for real-time data communication in distributed and networked systems. It facilitates efficient and scalable data sharing among various components and devices in complex, time-sensitive applications like industrial automation, autonomous systems, and healthcare. DDS offers features like publish-subscribe communication, quality of service (QoS) configurability, and automatic data discovery, making it a robust choice for systems requiring low-latency, reliable, and high-performance data exchange. It plays a significant role in enabling interoperability and data consistency across interconnected devices and subsystems.

Question 74

Hard-wired

Answer 74

Hard-wired refers to a fixed and permanent connection or configuration, typically in electronic circuits or systems. It implies that the connections or functions are physically embedded and cannot be easily altered or reconfigured. Hard-wired designs are often reliable but lack flexibility, making changes or updates challenging. In the context of technology, it can describe dedicated, non-programmable hardware components, contrasting with software-defined or reconfigurable solutions.

Question 75

Wireless

Answer 75

Wireless refers to communication, networking, or technology that transmits data, signals, or information without the need for physical wires or cables. It relies on electromagnetic waves, radio frequency, or infrared signals to transmit data over the airwaves. Wireless technologies are prevalent in various applications, including mobile devices, Wi-Fi networks, and remote control systems. They offer mobility, convenience, and the flexibility to connect and communicate without the constraints of wired connections, making them essential in modern communication and connectivity.

Question 76

hard disk drive (HDD)

Answer 76

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device that uses spinning magnetic disks to store and retrieve digital information on a computer or server. It consists of one or more disks coated with magnetic material and read/write heads that access and modify data. HDDs provide non-volatile storage, retaining data even when powered off, and are known for their high storage capacity, making them suitable for storing large files, operating systems, and applications. However, they have moving parts, which can result in slower data access times and are more prone to mechanical failures compared to solid-state drives (SSDs).

Question 77

Spinning magnetic disks

Answer 77

Spinning magnetic disks, often referred to as hard disk drives (HDDs), are primary data storage devices used in computers and servers. These disks consist of multiple platters covered in a magnetic material that store digital data. Spinning at high speeds, read/write heads access these platters to read, write, and modify data. HDDs offer high-capacity storage, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, but their mechanical nature leads to slower data access times compared to solid-state drives (SSDs).

Question 78

ARFF (Attribute-Relation File Format)

Answer 78

An ARFF (Attribute-Relation File Format) file is a text-based data format used for representing datasets in machine learning and data mining. ARFF files typically consist of two main sections: metadata and data.

Metadata: This section includes information about the dataset, such as attribute names, data types, and class labels.

Data: This section contains the actual data instances with values corresponding to the defined attributes.

ARFF files are commonly associated with the Weka software, a popular tool for machine learning and data mining. They provide a structured and standardized way to organize and store data, making it easier to work with datasets in machine learning experiments.

Question 79

1D, 2D, and 3D arrays

Answer 79

1D, 2D, and 3D arrays are data structures used to store and organize information in various dimensions. Here’s an elaboration of the differences between these types of arrays:

1D Array (One-Dimensional Array):

Definition: A 1D array is a linear data structure that stores elements or values in a single line.
Representation: It is often depicted as a row or column of values.
Example: A list of numbers, names, or any single-dimensional data can be stored in a 1D array.
Access: Elements are accessed by their position, known as an index.
Common Notation: In programming, you can declare a 1D array using square brackets, e.g., array = [1, 2, 3, 4].
2D Array (Two-Dimensional Array):

Definition: A 2D array is a tabular data structure that stores elements in rows and columns.
Representation: It forms a grid or matrix with rows and columns, and each element is accessed by specifying its row and column indices.
Example: A spreadsheet, a chessboard, or an image can be thought of as a 2D array.
Access: Elements are accessed using two indices (row and column).
Common Notation: In programming, a 2D array is often declared using nested square brackets, e.g., matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]].
3D Array (Three-Dimensional Array):

Definition: A 3D array extends the concept of a 2D array into three dimensions, adding depth to rows and columns.
Representation: It is like a collection of 2D arrays, forming a block or cube of data.
Example: Medical imaging data, video frames in a video sequence, or voxel data in 3D graphics can be stored as 3D arrays.
Access: Elements are accessed using three indices (row, column, and depth).
Common Notation: In programming, a 3D array can be declared using nested square brackets with an extra level of nesting, e.g., cube = [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]].
In summary, the key difference lies in the number of dimensions and the arrangement of elements:

1D arrays are linear, storing data in a single line.
2D arrays extend data into rows and columns, forming a grid.
3D arrays introduce depth as a third dimension, creating a block or cube of data.
These concepts are fundamental in data storage, data manipulation, and various applications in programming and data analysis. The choice of array type depends on the nature of the data and the requirements of the specific problem you’re solving.

Question 80

SSH (Secure Shell)

Answer 80

SSH (Secure Shell) is a network protocol and cryptographic tool used for secure remote communication and data exchange between two computers. It provides encrypted authentication, data transfer, and remote access over untrusted networks. SSH is widely used for secure command-line access to remote systems, file transfers, and tunneling network connections. It ensures confidentiality and integrity of data, making it a fundamental technology for secure remote administration and data exchange in the computing world.

Question 81

cmdlet, short for “command-let

Answer 81

A cmdlet, short for “command-let,” is a lightweight command used in Microsoft PowerShell, a command-line shell and scripting language. Cmdlets are designed for specific tasks and are written in C#. They follow a verb-noun naming convention, making them easily discoverable and intuitive to use. Cmdlets allow users to perform various system administration, management, and automation tasks, such as managing files, processes, and system configurations. They are the building blocks of PowerShell scripts and enable efficient and precise control of Windows systems.

Question 82

distance sensor

Answer 82

A distance sensor in robotics is a sensor that is specifically designed to measure the distance between the sensor and an object or surface in its vicinity. These sensors are commonly used in robotics for a variety of applications, including navigation, obstacle detection, and object avoidance. Distance sensors provide crucial information for a robot to understand its surroundings and make informed decisions.

Question 83

API (Application Programming Interface)

Answer 83

An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate and interact with each other. It defines the methods and data formats that applications can use to request and exchange information, enabling developers to access the functionality of other software components, services, or platforms. APIs are essential for building applications that can leverage external resources, access data, or perform specific tasks without needing to understand the underlying implementation. They serve as intermediaries that facilitate seamless integration and interaction between diverse software systems, enhancing interoperability and extensibility

Question 84

M.2 SSD (Solid State Drive)

Answer 84

M.2 SSD, or Solid State Drive, is a compact storage device commonly used in computers. It features a small form factor, connecting to the motherboard via an M.2 slot. Available in various capacities, M.2 SSDs offer high-speed data transfer, with interfaces like SATA, PCIe, or NVMe. Their keying system ensures compatibility, and they are widely used for fast storage in laptops, desktops, and other computing devices.