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Anatomy and Physiology > Terms/definitions > Flashcards

Terms/definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Ipsilateral blindness

A

Total blindness in one eye

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2
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia

A

Aka bipolar hemianopia. A lesion or transection of the optic chiasm, causing tunnel vission. Affects temporal fields of both eyes. Often caused by enlarged pituitary gland.

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3
Q

CN I

A

Sensory n. which conveys impulses related to smell

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4
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of smell, often from common cold or corona virus. Can be bilateral or unilateral (affcting both or only one olfactiry nerve)

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5
Q

Papilledema

A

Bulging optic disk(papilla) from icreased intercranial pressure.

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6
Q

Recti m. Of eye

A

Lateral, medial, superior, inferior

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7
Q

Oblique m. of eye

A

Superior, inferior

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8
Q

Occulomotor n.

A

Innervates recti and oblique m of eye.
Innervates palpebrae superioris m(eyelid muscle)
Constricts pupil Sphincter pupille m.
Changes shape to the lens Cillliary m.(makes lens rounder for “near” vision) found behind iris.

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9
Q

Third Nerve Palsy

A 
•Ptosis - eyelid droops
•divergent squint
•dilation of pupil
• Loss of accomodation reflex
• Loss of light reflexes
• Diplopia
-eye ball looking abbit down and outwards
-would not be able to read anything close
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10
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A 
CN IV
-superior oblique muscle -SO4
-Intorsion(medially)
•Depression(inferiorly)
•Abduction
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11
Q

Injury to CN IV

A

Head injuries common cause

  • small calibre
  • long intracranial course• paralysis of superior obloque
  • Diplopia
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12
Q

Trigeminal n (tic douloureaux)

A 
CN V
Sensory to face
3 Brr.
Senory inky
-Opthamalic br. (CN V1)
-Maxillary br.
Sensory and motor 
-Mandibular br. Carries somatic neurons and innervate m. If mastication (masseter&temporalis)
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13
Q

CN V injury

A
  • usually section of whole CN V
  • lesions
  • carries pain from dental cavities from maxillary or mandibular branches
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14
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A
  • CN V
  • periodic stabbing pain
  • painful
  • unpredictable intervals
  • pharmacological or surgery is often
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15
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

A
  • dentists
  • mandivular teeth
  • lingula
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16
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens n.

  • Lateral rectus m.
  • Abducts eye
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17
Q

Abducen n. Palsy

A
  • Medial strabismus (“cross eye”)

- Diplopia (double vision)

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18
Q

CN VII- Facial n.

A
  • Motor root
  • Parasynlmpathetic root
  • Sensory Root
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19
Q

Motor root if Facial n.

A

Mm. Of facial expression
Five branches
Parotid gland

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20
Q

Parasympathetic root of Facial n.

A

Secretormotor supply
Submandibular gland
Sublingual glands - saliva
Lacrimal glands - tears

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21
Q

Sensory root of Facial n.

A

“Nervus intermedius”

  • Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Cutaneous sensations from pinna and external auditory meatus
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22
Q

CN VII Facial Paralysis

A

-Facial mm. Paralysis
-Loss of taste sensation
-Decreased salivation
-Decreased lacrimation
-Hyperacusis: increased sensativity to certain frequencies and volume within a range of sound. Innervates stapedius mm. which dampens everyday sounds
“Bells palsy”- unknown facial paralysis
Geberal facial paralyses diagnised due to known cause of paralysis

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23
Q

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear n.

A

Two separate nn. Inner ear
Two branches
Cochlear n.
Vestobular n.

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24
Q

Cochlear n.

A
  • Depolarize in response to sound waves

- Hearing

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25
Q

Vestibular n.

A
  • depolarize in response to body position

- balance and equilibrium

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26
Q

CN VIII Lesions

A

Cochlear n leasions

  • Tinnitus “jingling”
  • Deafness
  • Acoustic neuromas - intracranial tumours(on the cochlear n.)

Vestibular n lesions

  • vertigo “dizzyness; to turn”
  • disequalibrium
  • Nystagmus
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27
Q

CN IX Glossopharangeal n.

A

Motor
Parasympathetic
Sensory
Gustatory

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28
Q

CN IX Motor funct.

A

Stylopharangeus m.

Superior pharangeal constrictor m.

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29
Q

CN IX Parasympathetic funct.

A

Parotid Gland

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30
Q

CN IX Sensory funct.

A

Pharangotympanic tubes
Palatine tonsils
Oropharynx
Posterior 1/3 tongue

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31
Q

CN IX Gustatiry funct.

A

Taste sensation- posterior 1/3 tongue

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32
Q

CN X Vagus n.

A

Sensory neurons
Somatic motor neurons
Visceral motor neurons

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33
Q

Vagus n. Sensory neurons

A

Inferior pharynx
Larynx
Thoracic organs
Visceral organs

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34
Q

Somatic motor neurons CN X

A

Soft pallette
Pharaybx
Intrinsic larybgeal mm

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35
Q

Visceral motor neuionrs CN X

A 
Heart
esohpgus
Stomach
Snall intestine
Large intestine
Gallbladder
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36
Q

CN XI Accesory n.

A

Cranial component

  • accompanies CN X
  • Mm of larynx

Spinal component

  • sternocleidomastoid m
  • trapezius
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37
Q

CN XII Hypoglossal n.

A
  • Mm. of tongue, intrinsic and extrinsic

- Dysarthia, difficulty with articulating words

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38
Q

Peripheral n. And ganglia

A 
Mixed nn.
Sensory nn.
Spinal nn. (In the grey matter)
 -Anterior root
 -Posterior root
 -Dorsal root ganglion
Rami communications
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39
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies, carry on sensory information

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40
Q

Spinal nn & Plexuses

A

31 pairs if spinal nerves, 8 pairs of cervical nerves

  • 12 throacic
  • 8 cervical
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • CO
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41
Q

Cerivical Plexus

A
  • C1-C4 ventral rami

- Phrenic n. Moves diaphragm. Carries sensory neurons

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42
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • C5-8 & T1
  • Roots
  • Trunks
  • Divisions
  • Cords
  • Terminal n.
43
Q

Terminal nerves of Brachial plexus

A 
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar 
Radial
Axillary
44
Q

Musculocutaneous n.

A

Lateral cord

  • coracobrachialis
  • biceps brachii m.
  • brachialis m.
45
Q

Median n.

A 
Motor:
-Most flexor mm. Of forearm and dugits
-Some mm. Of hand
Sensory:
-Anterior thumb, anterior 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits
-Palm of hand
46
Q

Ulnar n.

A 
Large teriminal branch of medial cord
Medial epicondyle/olecranon
Motor:
1.5 flexor mm. Of the forearm
Most intrinsic hand mm.
Sensory:
5th digit
4th (medial half) of digits
47
Q

Radial n

A 
Largest terminal branch
Motor:
Truceps brachuu
Brachiradialis
Extensor mm of the forearm and digits
Senairy:
Posterior arm
Posterior forearm
Posterior thumb
48
Q

Axillary n

A
  • Surgical neck of humerus
  • Teres minor m.
  • Deltoid m.
49
Q

Upper brachial plexus injury

A

Upper trunk c5-c6
Mechanism of action
-shoulder forced downward, head is sinultaneously
-stabilized or oushed in opposite direction
Erbs palsy
-waiters tip deformation
-medial rotation at shoulder
-due toloss of the lateral rotatora of the shoulder arm flexors abd hand extensor muscles
Position of limb characterized by:
-arm hanging by side, rotated medially, forearm extended and pronated, wrist flexed

50
Q

Lower brachial plexus injury

A 
Lower trunk T1
Mechanism of action:
Excessive stretching of limb from.upper trunk
Baby delivert by arn pulling
Catcjing fall by hanging onto tree
Klumpkes palsy
"Claw hand palsy"
51
Q

Saturday night paralysis

A

Radial n.
Wrist drop
Deep snooze/pasa out with arm over chair. Nerve compressed while passed out, can cause paralyses of extensors from radial nerve

52
Q

Lpng throacis b (winged scapula)

A

Contributions from c5,6,7
Serratus anterior m.
Mechanism of injury

53
Q

Thoracic spinal nn.

A

Do not form plexuses (except T1)

  • Each posterior ramus innervates deep back muscles
  • Each anterior ramus travels between two ribs as an intercostal nerve
54
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1,2,3 and superior part L4

  • Femoral n.
  • Obturator n.
55
Q

Femoral n

A
  • Supplies the psoas abd iliacus mm

- Anterior thigh mm.

56
Q

Obturator n

A

Medial compartment
Obturator foramen
Adductor mm.
Supplies skin in medial aspect of thigh

57
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

-Sciatic n
-Pudendal n
-Superior gluteal n
-Inferior gluteal n
L4, L5
Internal aspect of pelvis

58
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

Largest n of body
Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
Enters gluteal region just below piriformis muscle
Traverses enture lengthbof posterior thigh, divides just posterior to knee
2 divisions:
-fibular(peroneal)
-tibular-iinervate m of posterior compartment

59
Q

Pudendal n

A

From pelvis, enters posterios aspect of gkuteal region

Branches to scrotum, musclesof pelvic floor and perineum, slin surrounding perineum

60
Q

Superior&interior gluteal n

A

Above piriformis, gluteus medius, below oiriformis gluteal maximus m.

61
Q

Tibial n

A 
Sciatic extension
Enters posterior aspect of leg
Common "peroneal"
Gastrnemeous m and soleus m innervated
Supplis superficial and deep muscles of posterior leg
62
Q

Common perpneal

A 
"Common" (will branch into substructures)
-Superficial peroneal.
-Deep peroneal n-muscles of 
Aka "Fibular nerve"
Eversion of the foot -superficial
63
Q

Foot drop

A

Common peroneal n
Neck of fibula
Compression
Traction

64
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Rapidly adapting receptors
-Respond with high intensity to stimulus, -depolarize and respond to stimulus
-Ignore ongoing stimuli
Slowly adapting
-Respond to stimuli with constant action potentials
-Don’t diminish over time

65
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Detect stimuli priginating from outside body

66
Q

Interoreceptors

A

Detect stimuli from within the body

67
Q

Mechanoreceptora

A

Interoreceptors assoociated with msk, skin, other organs

**Depolarize to anything mechanically deforming tissues

68
Q

Mechanoreceptor (4)types

A

Merkel cells

Tactile corpuscule

69
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Exteroreceptors
Slowly adapting
Separate receptors detect hot and cold

70
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • Interoceptora or exteroceptors

- Depolarize in response to binding to specific chemicals

71
Q

Photoreceptors

A

In eye

Depolarize in response to light

72
Q

Nociceptors

A

Slowly adapting exteroceptors

Depolarize in response to noxious stimuli

73
Q

AP transmission

A 
Speed- axon diameter and thickness of myelin sheath
Large diameter fastest
-Proprioceptive
-Touch
Small diameter slowest
-Pain
-Temp
74
Q

Receptive Field

A

Area of skin that has sensory neurons associated with it, a few or many in a specific area ie:fingertips abundant; forearm has fewer(two point touch)
All spinal nerves carry sensory neurons

75
Q

Dermatomes

A

Skin mapped according to spinal nerve supplying somatic sensation
May help identify source of referred pain

76
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

Neurons of primary motor cortes make decision to move and initiate that movement
Not in contact with muscle fibre

77
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

Receive nessages from upper motor beurons
In cintact with skeletal fibres
Release acetylcholine onto muscle fibres to initiate contraction

78
Q

Mtor neuron pools

A

Groups of lower kotor neurons that innervate same muscle

79
Q

Large motorr neurons

A

Stimulate skeletal m to contract

80
Q

Smaller motor neurons (gamma)

A

Innervate intrafusal fibres, part of specialized stretch receptors

81
Q

Contril of movement by nervous system

A
  • CNS (IMN) in motor cortex, synapse in basal nuclei enable thalamus to stimulate upper neurons in primart motor cortex
  • Synapse with UMN into spinal cord to synapse with the lower motor neuron
  • lower neuron cell bodies found along spinal cord within anterior horn
  • lmn directly stimulate skeletal muscle fibres
82
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Sympathetic
Fight or flight
-Parasympathetic
Rest and digest

83
Q

Visceral Reflex Arc

A

ANS responsible for managing vital processes through VRA.
1sensory signals from periphery/viscera
2. Integrated by cns
3. Motor impulses vua efferent neurons in cranila and spinal berves to ganglia
4. Autonomuic ganglia send impulses to other efferent beurons to target organ eliciting a motor response

84
Q

Somatic

A

2 neurons
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Single neuron system

85
Q

Autonomic

A 
2 neurons
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
-involuntary actions
-2 neurons system- pre-ganglionic/pre-ganglionic,  post-synaptic/ganglionic neuron.
86
Q

Thoraco-lumbar nervous system(division)

A

Sympathetic nervous system

87
Q

Sympathetic Ganglion(chain)

A

Looks like a string of pearls, contains cell bodies of post synpatic sympathetic neurons

88
Q

CN of parasympathetic Nervus system

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

89
Q

Scaral nerves of parasynpathetic neurons

A

3, 4, 5

90
Q

Cranio-sacral nervous system

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

91
Q

Preganglionic neuron cell body locations SNS

A

Located in the lateral horns of thoracolumbar regions of spinal cord

92
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitter at the postganglionic synapse

93
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline, postsynaptic

94
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Noradrenaline, post synaptic

Most frequently used NT (80% of the synapse)

95
Q

Androgenic receptors

A

Bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine, further broken down into alpha and theta.

96
Q

Alpha 1 receptirs

A

Plasma membrane of smooth mm. Cells of many different organs(blood vessels in skin GI organs, arector pili, genitourinary tract
-pupil dilation, vasiconstriction, digestions
NE(NT)

97
Q

Alpha 2 receptors

A

Plasma membrane of preganglionic sypathetic neurons instead if peripherals target cells
-inhibits preganglionic sympathetic neurons
NE(NT)

98
Q

Beta 1

A

Cardiac mm cells and kidney cells

99
Q

Beta 2

A

Smooth mm cells lining airways of respiatory tract, walls of urinary bladder, skeletal mm fibres, liver, oancreas salivary glands
-decrease digestion increase glucose release
NE nt

100
Q

Beta 3

A

Primarily in adipose cells and smooth mm cells of digestive tract
Relaxation of digestive tract and contraction of sphincters

101
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

Binds muscarine, increase secretions of sweat glands

ACh

102
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Membranes of all postgangkionic neuorns insympathetic ganglion
Fkund wuthin adrenal.medulla of adrenal.gland.
Binds nicotine, stimulates release of NE and E
ACh

103
Q

Bunding of NT on target cells of SNS

A

Cardiac m.
Ion channels ipen on cardiac m. Raises both rate and forcevod contraction
Amount of blood increase, homeostasis during activity

Smooth m
Construction of blood vessels
Dialation of bronchioles
Dilation of skeletal andbcardiqc blood vessels
Contraction ofnurinary an digestive sphincters
Relaxation of smooth m of digestive tract
Cinstriction of blood vessels supplying exocrine glands
Dilation of pupils

104
Q

PNS NT and receptors

A

ACh
MUscarinic receptors
Nicotinic receltors

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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