Terms: Basic Concepts 2 Flashcards
verb tenses or markers used to indicate a one-time, completed action or unit of time. There is an aspect of a point in time. Most languages use in non-present contexts, but it can be used in past, present, or future.
Perfective
verb tenses or markers used to indicate actions that are incomplete, ongoing, or habitual (happens routinely). There is an aspect of a flow of time.
Imperfective
phonological principles that do not apply generally, but only in specific morphological contexts. For example, when derivation or inflection creates an environment that violates a language’s phonotactic constraints. This violation triggers a “repair strategy”.
Phonological processes
vowels within a domain adjust to share one or more phonological feature such as height.
vowel harmony
the insertion of a segment between two other segments that would otherwise be violating a phonotactic constraint.
epenthesis
the omission of sounds, syllables, or words. Often occurs in fast speech, this occurs in morphophonology to repair a violation of a phonotactic constraint.
elision
the transposition or exchange of sounds or syllables in a word. Often occurs as a ‘slip of the tongue’, this occurs in morphophonology to repair a violation of a phonotactic constraint.
metathesis
the process involved when part of an affix (or word) is pronounced or spelled differently because of the surrounding elements. a.k.a.: allomorphy.
Alternation
a phonetic variant form of a morpheme. Sometimes morphemes change their sound or their spelling but not their meaning. Each of these different forms is classed as an ______________.
Allomorph
a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. A common type of phonological process across languages, ________________ can occur either within a word or between words.
assimilation
In phonology, particularly within historical linguistics,_________________ is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar. In English, ______________ is particularly common with liquid consonants such as /r/ and /l/ when they occur in a sequence
dissimilation
a verb phrase
Predicate
action/stative word
Verb (V)
person, place, thing
Noun (N)
describes a noun
Adjective (Adj)
describes the predicate (when, frequency, or how the action takes place)
Adverb (Adv)
specifies the noun
Determiner (Det)
specifies a location
Preposition (P)
‘specifies’ the verb
Auxiliary verb (Aux)
will, would, can, could, may, might, must, should
modal verbs
be, have, do
non-modal verbs
describes a measure of Adj or P
very, too, quite, almost
Degree word
combines phrases and clause
Conjunction (Conj)
describes the quantity of N
no(ne), some, all, most, many, a few
Quantifier
connects complement clauses into matrix clauses
- I hope that I have enough time
Complementizer
A lexical category that functions as the head of a prepositional phrase (into, with, for, etc.) and occurs before its complement
Preposition
A lexical category that functions as the head of a prepositional phrase (into, with, for, etc.) and occurs after its complement
Postposition
word that connects relative clause
- That’s the person who has your book
Relativizer
the result of one category being inflected to mark properties of another
possession: an asymmetrical relationship where one constituent owns/rules over another constituent (my, your, his, her, etc.)
Agreement
“first” = speaker/experiencer, “second” = addressee, “third” = an external referee, “inclusive” = a group including addressee, “exclusive” = a group not including addressee
person (deictic*)
descriptions of objects and their relations in a given environment (here, there, that, etc.)
spatial (deictic)
the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance (now, then, later, etc.)
temporal (deictic)
the use of certain words to specify time, place, or person whose denotation changes with context (tomorrow, there, etc.)
*deixis
a grammatical category that expresses “X and the group (of one or more members) associated with X”, where X is a nominal, usually a person. “Susan and her colleagues”
associative
one constituent receives the benefit of the situation in the clause. “She opened the door for Tom”
benefactive
an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun “Mary’s book is about the men of Rome”
genitive
indicates a location “The book is on the table”
locative
the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in _________–absolutive languages.
ergative
the case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in addition to being used for the citation form of a noun.
absolutive
generally marks the subject of a verb, the noun “She greeted him”
nominative
the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb, “She greeted him”
accusative
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