terms and names Flashcards
what is intelligence?
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
who is Charles Spearman?
-he created factor analysis
-created the concept of general intelligence (g)
what is g factor?
general intelligence that underlies succesful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
what is factor analysis?
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of items on a test
who is L.L. Thurstone?
she shifted attention from g-factor onto the concept of seven clusters of primary abilities such as spatial ability, perceptual speed, and verbal comprehension.
in what way did both Thurstone and Spearman use factor analysis?
They both used factor analysis to identify clusters of related intelligence abilities.
who si Satoshi Kanazawa?
she asserts that intelligence scores DO CORRELATE with ability to solve various novel problems but DO NOT MUCH CORRELATE with individual skills.
what is savant syndrome?
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill,such as computation or drawing.
how many intelligence that we have based on Howard Gardner?
eight
what are the different intelligence based on Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence?
spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, and naturalist
what is grit?
it is the passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
who is robert sternberg?
-created triarchic theories for both love/attraction and intelligence.
what are the three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory about love/attraction?
-passion, intimacy, and commitment
what are the three intelligences based on Sternberg?
-analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence
-creative intelligence
-practical intelligence
what is emotional intelligence?
ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions.
what are the four components of EQ?
-perceiving emotions
-understanding emotions
-maganing emotions
-using emotions to enable adaptice or creative thinking
what is the statistiical information about the connection between brain size and intelligence?
-there is a +.33 correlation between brain size and intelligence score especially in the frontal/parietal lobes.
summarize the research findings about the connection between neural processing speed and intelligence.
+.3 to .5 correlation between intelligence score and the neural processing speed.
in what year does the French government commissioned Alfred Binet to devise an assessment of intelligence?
1904
relationship between mental age and chronological age.
the idea is that the mental age was the LEVEL PERFORMANCE typically associated with chronological age (ACTUAL AGE).
what is mental orthopedics?
this is Binet’s belive that would help children develop their attention span and self-discipline that could improve their intelligence scores.
who is Lewis Terman?
-he spread the idea that United State should use IQ test
-revised SIMON-BINET test.
who is the professor in Stanford that extended the upper end of the test’s range from teenagers to “superior adults”
Lewis Terman
how to find IQ? Mental and chronological age?
-IQ= mental age/chronological age x 100
-M.A/C.A=IQ/100 x m.a/c.a
define achivement test and give example.
-test designed to assess what a person has learned.
-ex.: driver’s test
define aptitude test and give example
-test designed to predict a person’s future performance ; capacity to learn
-ex.: SAT
who is David Weschler?
-associated with the IQ tests (WAIS, WISC)
-created a test that measured intelligence without complete dependence on verbal ability.
what is WAIS?
-(WAIS) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
-most widely used intelligence test that contains verbal, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores.
how many subtests does WAIS consists?what are some them?
15; digit span, vocabulary, and object assembly.
define standardization.
process of making a test uniform or setting it to a specific standard.
normal curve
distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern.
what is flynn effect?
rising average intelligence test score over the last century
why normal curve is important to standardized testing?
it describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
define reliability.
-consistent score result even after retest.
define validity.
a test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
what is content validity?what is predictive validity?
-content validity is when a test SAMPLES THE BEHAVIOR that is of interest.
-predictive validity is the SUCCESS with which a test PREDICTS a behavior it is designed to predict.
what is cross-section?
when investigator measures the outcome and exposures in the study participants at the same time.
what is cohort?
group of people that share the same characteristics
define crystallized intelligence. what happen to it as we age?
-accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogy test.
-it increases up to old age.
define fluid intelligence. what happen as we age?
-ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
-decreases beginning in 20s and 30s, slowly up to age 75.
what is intellectual disability?
a person who has certain limitations in cognitive functioning and skills.
what is “termites”?
group of gifted children
what is heritability?
proportion of variation among individual that can be contributed to genes.
define down syndrome.
a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
what is epigenetics?
-study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.
what is stereotype threat?
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
what skills are girls better than boys?
-spelling
-more verbally fluent
-better at locating objects
-better at detecting emotions
-more sensitive to touch, color, and taste
based on research, boys outperform girls at…
-spatial ability and related mathematics
define fixedd mindset and growth mindset.
-fixed mindset describes people who see their qualities a fixed traits that cannot change.
-growth mindset is a belief that a person’s intelligence and abilities can grow and improve with practice.
define test bias and scientific bias.
test bias is if it detects not only innate differences in intelligence but also performance difference.
scientific bias is it hinges on a test’s validity ; whether it predict future behavior only for some groups of test-takers.
what is test-retest and split-half method
test-retest method is taking the same exam after two years to prove reliability.
split-half method is dividing the exam into two and comparing the results.
who created the concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Raymond Cattell
who collaborated to Alfred Binet in the creation of assessments for French school children?
Theodore Simon
who is Francis Galton?
-wrote a book called “Heriditary Genius”
-examined how exceptional intelligence and cognitive disability runs in families.
-invented the concept of percentile ranks and correlation
he added a performance scale to address non-verbal reasoning skills to IQ tests.
David Weschler
he believed that sensitivity to high-pitched sounds and reaction time would be a good predictors of IQ.
Francis Galton
who derived the famous “intelligent quotient” IQ?
Stern
Summarize Francis Galton’s research.
measure human traits, suggests that intelligence was inherited “EUGENICS”.
what are the 4 things that Galton measured?
-reaction time
-sensory acuity
-muscular power
-body proportions
define construct validity.
IQ test should measure the intended construct of intelligence
what is criterion-related validty?
the scores of an IQ tests should correlate with other measures of intelligence or academic achievement
what are the ethics of using IQ tests?
-fairness
-informed consent
-confidentiality
-respect for diversity
-professional competence
